The eve of the 2006 World Cup, European soccer map of the chaotic crowded; Italy, France, Germany and other traditional powers in crisis, the Czech Republic,
the Netherlands, Portugal and other powerful faction ready to go, , expected from the Pampas grasslands of Argentina swept Germany
hh mm people-oriented football! not Zhangyingzaishou, how tied black dragon? who led Italy to New Life? who can save the sinking
Germany? who can straighten the backbone of France? who can make the Brazilian samba dance again? hh on the eve of the 2006 World Cup, just before the arrival of a new dawn
, those 24 year olds to represent the near-perfect performance of their national team emerging power toward the front of the stage.
82 mm grown wolf wolf phenomenon of the early
the history of world football, it seems that there is a 24-year-old phenomenon.
24 years ago, Rossi radiant, young-old Zoff , fledgling Maradona, Spain and the wonderful people of the world and dedication to the success of World Cup
prepared, it is also the passion burning in 1982, introduced a number of stars in the world, but also gave birth to vertical and horizontal in the future
green of the > Born in 1982, is 24 years old this year; from football, they have the common characteristic is their national team and which has become a must
on the main club, standing on the very center of the storm green!
24 years old, in their prime; 24 years old, high-spirited; 24 years old, to develop their own sky mm1978, the 24-year-old monopoly of the world
Kempes Gold Cup, best player, top scorer in one; 1986 24-year-old Burruchaga Riding Alone for the World Cup finals break through the barrier, lore West Germany;
1988, the 24-year-old Van Basten sword scabbard, sword polishing Arima Gaiouluoba; 1999, 24-year-old Beckham, football League, FA Cup, Champions League
players over the age of 24 years, how can everyone laugh at the pack? Yes, not everyone is fortunate enough to become the ultimate winner
, but you should see, 24 years old, standing in honor of the highest if not also washed in the forefront of the war-torn:
1988, the 24-year-old Sri Lanka ended AC Milan
Puli La 58 league games unbeaten; 1996 is a collective outbreak of players 24 years old milestone year: Zinedine Zidane, Lilian Thuram
, Pavel Nedved, Bobo Si base, Luis Figo, Costa, Rivaldo hh generation of world football Rivaldo is the Atlanta Olympics Brazil Olympic team, Forum clearly felt from them a kind of splendor
strong force.
arena lights night rain years, armored cavalry age a man, when the pages of history turn in 2006, Graduates Mo Lusuo (Brazil, Serie A top scorer in the 1998/99 season) sale, because they see the potential of young people in the team; Rivaldo seeing the former Kaka seeing the tower itself squeezed into the bench; 5 Pavel Nedved named Czech Footballer of the Year honors for the Cech had to; Kaka and Adriano elegant strong light the Brazilian Samba, more crisp, warm hot; Alberto Gilardino and Antonio Cassano aura of courage is the Prague Spring one after another there will be a coincidence and hint? see opened a little answer, but the final answers will be opened in 20
06 年 its mystery.
24 years ago, the great World Cup football matches to the world of the future given the history of the great content: July 5, 1982, the Italian Peninsula, immersed in the joy of victory, the Italian Biella city (Turin, north) of a delivery room, gave birth to a man named Albert
care. Gilardino baby boy on July hh1982 11, the 3rd Italian team won the World Cup trophy, exciting night out Italian
, next morning, the sun did rise to wipe the sun shines first port city of Bari in southern Italy when a poor Son of maternal love is born out of
delight, she give a child named Antonio. Cassano hh
passage of time, one north one south, Alberto Gilardino, Antonio Cassano and all born in 1982 Like the Italian children affected by their year of birth in that
an environment like a football. Later, they were named to the Gentile coached the Italian national youth team (Gentile mm20 years ago, as a
the main defender of the Italian national team won the 1982 World Cup he is the hero, 20 years later, now the head coach of the Italian Youth Corps, he is the best of Europe's youth team coach
show.) Gilardino, Cassano and other qualifications of young people a good tune in the Gentile was under progress. Years change, white horse over
gap, January 6, 2000, Alberto Gilardino played the first investigation on behalf of Pi Yaqin Serie A rivals AC Milan is, although the 0 to 1 defeat, but the Kyrgyz Ladino
pieces of red and black of Milan's shirt that is full of longing, to join Milan in one day the dream of Gilardino, make unremitting efforts for the dream
there will always be one day achieve the summer of 2005, Alberto Gilardino has joined a long time favorite of Milan, Alberto Gilardino took over the Argentine striker left g
Terrace No. 11 jersey Crespo's birthday is July 5, but 比吉拉迪诺 big 7 years old.
twice replacement, and since birth has become the new big brother the same day to join the main team (2002, Gilardino transfers from Verona, Parma, 1 year before the move to replace a German
, born July 5, 1972 in the Amoruso), Alberto Gilardino feel this is somewhere of God. But Rossi on June 13, the day to just 20 years old will never forget Kaka: FIFA World Cup against Costa Rica, Brazil, the first 72 minutes of a war, Kaka
off the bench, this is the first World Cup Kaka competitions, including the Rivaldo was substituted Kaka and many others, were not thought of this far-reaching
is a a bit shy, childlike face came
Kaka Milan, Kaka arrived in Milan the day is the Rivaldo summon wind and rain from the altar sadly out of sight. mm2004 also replaced the European Cup 1 / 4 finals, behind Portugal 0 England than
1, the first 75 minutes, Portugal coach Luiz Felipe Scolari made a bold Replacement: Use only 20-year-old captain
Postiga replaced Luis Figo, Figo, after an angry fate, but Postiga scored 8 minutes to play to tie the game in a ball, Portugal, England, which eventually break through
hurdle. sidelines Figo clearly feel the moment: Love eventually to grow old, no one can not be replaced hh yes, replace
moment has come when, in 2006 that replacement player or a teenager of the class, European football's concept, which should be achieved at this age is not the
so highly competitive. There, if a player in the 23-year-old has not yet reached a more mature level of competition, can be considered the basic characteristics of style and
stereotypes, many aspects have been unable to greater progress. except in a very good time for individual players, the vast majority of key players when playing the
are this age or younger had already started to debut combat. From the physiological perspective, development of 24-year-old body has a sound,
will not be as thin as adults Xianggang, confrontation and running ability are now mature, has entered the prime of his career fitness .
tactics and awareness from the side, but also out of the edgy young players began to have considerable experience and age must not only have
the steady veteran on the court, nor the lack of momentum and young people creativity, it is the best age results.
82 mm grow into the early wolf wolf wolf totem
Kaka
on the king of the wolf, even more chill between femininity, Hanyue long under the sky Xiao, pre-loaded
1982.4.22 AC Milan, Brazil Height 1.83 m Weight 73 kg
Kaka is This makes more than their peers Kaka
a humble and calm .2000, on behalf of St. Paul to participate in the first professional league, in 2002, wearing No. 23 jerseys in the World Cup, is the Star Brazil great increase in popularity, goals to break open the capsules goal is not just a dolphin fan hot hot
mind, looks handsome midfielder Kaka to become full of vitality, like Kaka From the Road 1
982 a new generation of idols, the king of the gas card the most the most promising prospects, and his growth path light flying, his future is bound to passion!
Xuelang Gilardino
the soul of the blood cold polar fatal without leaving traces
1982.7.5 AC Milan, Italy Height 1.84 m Weight
79 kg
Gilardino is a football expert evaluation; Ladino became the most vigorous of the Italian football striker .2004
soil, Gilardino's meteoric rise detonated Serie A, the same year, the summer harvest Gilardino European U23 champion and Athens Olympic Games
the bronze medal, the club are interested in starting Gilardino Ladino mind to understand: Parma started around his offensive tactics, but in the talent of the Milan
, young, he can not enjoy any privileges. In this regard, psychological well-prepared Gilardino admitted: Milan's first day, I clearly
white, this is a new starting point, I will start again! Snow was showing a 1982.2.17
Inter Milan, Brazil Height 1.89 m Weight 87 kg
known as the bombing, shooting free kick
hh proficient in all-around martial artists. overall quality of his armed force into a world-class center.
2004 in the Americas Cup and 2005 Confederations Cup is the combat two pinnacle of championship trophies, the best player, best shot to get soft hands
. Although fans of Inter Milan Champions League,
from poor, can still win hearts and minds.
Adriano psychological defect is somewhat less, the lack of stability. to the national team as an example: the World Cup qualifiers Afghan war, Adelaide as was named the worst player on the spot; 1 month after the Fed Cup final rematch Argentina, Adelaide and is now Inter Milan and Brazil need to
Height 1.97 m Weight 87 kg
2002 years, won the European Under-21 Football Championship, the Czech Republic Petr Cech has become the No. 1 national team goalkeeper .2004,
Chelsea for 10.3 million euro and he signed a 5-year contract. the first one in the Chelsea season, Cech was a great success, the league 35 times out of
field, with zero goals conceded in 24 games, and 1025 minutes to 694 minutes continuous Premiership clean sheet record by a big slice of the 15 goals conceded
also created England's top league season, a new record losses of at least .2005, the absence of the 3rd World Cup, World Cup finally got into the Czech Republic Field
coupons, as a final hurdle, Cech denied. He beat Pavel Nedved has 5 award-winning Czech Footballer of the election.
He cut the ball in front is shown by their age does not match the calm and cool, Jack is definitely the strength of world football's top goalkeeper .2004
sent the European Cup, 2005 European Champions League, two small negative a ball that Cech blocked at the Cup final two games in addition, in 2006, Jack no longer satisfied
only dominate in the Premiership, Champions League, World Cup is the best goal keeper.
Molang Cassano
set heaven and earth Aura, naive, game killing
1982.7.12 Italy Real Madrid
1.75 m Weight 73 kg
famous quote, is the worst of times. high-light figures, but
still proud as ever of his personality: He can burst into tears because of the national team's defeat, and clubs can also be conflicts because of strike and strike training; small
Cassano has long suffered from the living His stubborn stubborn side, but also straightforward emotional side. Genius! You can not imagine what he will create a miracle. from one side of the talk: Roberto Baggio, Del Piero, Paolo Maldini and other as , Francesco Totti and his brother must have talked about at the scenery; the summer of 2004, the European Cup's tears moved the world, and Cassano presumably already know what the taste is lost; 2006, Cassano will hh?
Black Wolf Essien
whole body black and born in the tough exotic animal
1982.12.8 Ghana Chelsea
1.80 m tall and weighing 78 kg
1999, the Michael Essien played in the World Series for the first time, Ghana 17 years old The following youth team won the third World Youth Championship .2000, Michael Essien from the team arrived in Accra, Ghana
free Bastia France, .1 years, access to the African Nations Cup in Ghana and the U21 World Youth Championship runner-runner-up, In 2003, to 7.8 million euros
after joining Olympique Lyon, Michael Essien will be the team's offensive and defensive one sweep, 2004,2005, reelected French champions Lyon, and scored 2 consecutive Champions League European
8 strong, competent midfielder Michael Essien Lyon multiple locations with one of the success of the hero .2005 May, Michael Essien was elected the best
French player, immediately became the target multiple buyers buy. Then to switch to Chelsea 38 million euros to create the Premiership transfer record. This time, Manchester United could only feel bitter
: Michael Essien in 2000 in Manchester United workout, but they saw the future of the , Michael Essien in the Premiership,
Champions League, African Nations Cup, World Cup, multi-line attack, go all out. I do not know whether he can win the honor in 2006 to become the largest non-
Island players.
Wolf Kuranyi
food lost, desperate case of the outbreak of unusual ability
1.90 meters tall and weighing 80 kilograms in the 2001/02 season, Kuranyi
Blair selected the German national team in 2003 European .2004 Cup, the opportunity to defect to his poor
brought many controversies. Kuranyi has moved fast descent in Brazil, a good header, but easy to play the big game is his apparent weakness disorders: League, the war in Europe the national team, who need to come forward to break the deadlock when Kevin Kuranyi, Kevin Kuranyi in the direction often can not find the goal. Last season, the
a shortage less
fire wolf
temperament elusive, silent and violent
1982.1.22 Argentina Deportivo La Coruna
Height 1.84 m Weight 77 kg
Fabricio Coloccini in the famous Boca Juniors After January 17, 2000 to $ 5,000,000 in transfer fees and signing AC Milan, the Rossoneri interested
to Fabricio Coloccini as Baresi's successor. but too young at that time Coloccini Serie A is not enough to cope with the fierce, so Milan will
its loan to Argentina's San Lorenzo team, Fabricio Coloccini played in the San Lorenzo team starting 19 times, scoring 3 goals to help the San Lorenzo team won
2001 fall soccer league title in Argentina.
2001, the Argentina youth team won the U21 World Youth Championship, held the post of captain Fabricio Coloccini was not only the command line after the water does not
leakage, the other immediate concern is also often restricted in the header score. After the game, Fabricio Coloccini was named well-known players who have represented the battle 14
Sarsfield played 400 times last season. Coloccini body and strength is also an excellent defender with the potential, but many teams in recent years was removed has not
There are too many to improve, is what will be his 2006?
Sea Wolf Mexes
as magic objects, free-spirited, romantic and elegant
1982.3.30 France Height 1.87
Roma m Weight 82 kg
Mexes is not quite young, but the qualifications of small, young fame he has training young players, 17-year-old French expedition in 2001, won the World Youth Championship experience. Mexes defensive coverage area, marking, tackling, defense, ability to fill the seats are
excellent, is considered the future of the defense team should be optimistic about the French leader. In order to fight him at the Club of Rome and AJ, French
league experience, the essence of the Apennine defensive combat effectiveness of a higher level Mexes .2006 March 26, the Roman road in the league will pick
Juventus, Mexes PK map Ram, a small one old central defender who can straighten the backbone of France's defense?
Tuesday, December 21, 2010
Monday, December 20, 2010
How to determine the quantities under the Tender Offer
How to determine the quantities under the tender offer
Abstract: As China's socialist market economy system and development of construction field full implementation of the bidding system, the core issue is the competitive pricing through market competition the formation of prices, the inevitable requirement of the project budget fixed valuation method and system reform, establishment of a corresponding project cost pricing methods and management systems. the Bill of Quantities in the international bidding on a commonly used valuation methods. Engineering the amount of construction bid documents list is an important part, is a unit of measurement that a certain physical quantity and project files, bill of quantities is a the design drawings and specifications and technical specifications, etc., into a series of construction projects and project the number of forms. After the implementation of the Bill of Quantities, to achieve the government pricing changes to market formation of prices. by the mandatory government control over the fixed transition rules for the development of the market economy needs the Bill of Quantities methods. from the previous administration direct intervention into law on supervision of project cost effective to strengthen the government's macro-control project cost. In this pricing model, the owners of contractors at the tendering stage for how the conditions according to their own tender offer to make their own profit is not only successful but also most concerned about each competitor.
Key words: engineering bill of quantities Bidding Strategy BQ
how to determine quantities of the tender offer under Chapter Biqi
【
mmmm With the body of the socialist market economic system, the establishment and development, in particular, August 30, 1999 PRC Tendering and Bidding Law corresponding set of valuation methods and project cost management system. you can say oriented. the state varied widely, all of a sudden into a unified global market. this makes the price formation mechanism works in the past faced severe challenges, forcing us to introduce and follow the international practice of project cost management, that is from the original tender self according to the drawing unit quantities for the tender offer to change the units of quantities (Engineering physical quantity) to tender units offer both conform to the internationally accepted way of competitive bidding, but also solves the and incentive mechanism of market competition mechanism and market competition, the Bill of Quantities construction norms came into being.
construction bill of quantities is an important part of the bidding documents, is a unit of measurement that a certain amount of physical works and documents, bills of quantities is a the design drawings and specifications and technical specifications, etc., into a series of construction projects and project the number of forms. After the implementation of the Bill of Quantities, to achieve the formation of the government pricing to the market price changes [①]. from the past changes in government-controlled mandatory quotas for the development of market economy needs to adapt to the Bill of Quantities methods. by the direct intervention into the past administration of project cost supervision according to law, strengthen the government's effective macro-control on the project cost [②]. In this types of pricing model, the owners of It is each competitor can benefit the most concern. the following aspects from the following description.
First, review the list of quantities and calculate the amount of
general construction projects, bidders must bid one list provided by the combination of quantity and press the integrated unit [③] in the form of quotations [④]. tenderer by the tenderer in the bill of quantities provided by the group price, must be caused by the construction program and construction engineering technology increment in the form of a price within the integrated unit. on the review of quantities, can know the amount of the tender to provide the accuracy of the project, if the bidding were allowed to adjust, to a greater error, Q & A will move through the bidding unit adjustments, to obtain consent to make adjustments; if allowed to adjust, you can project a larger error methods to solve by adjusting the unit price; or as the case may be unbalanced bid, or to digest the tender under the premise of the risk of missing items were not be adjusted, then the claim construction process.
tender bill of quantities provided by a sub-segment of the project in the list of quantities, but measures the amount of the project and construction scheme of the project does not provide the tender, bidders must according to the design in the bidding documents and construction design, construction program for the second calculation. so this part of the price quoted in the form of the amount apportioned to be fully taken into account. Since the list is dominated under the lowest bidder the absence of thoughtful losses caused by low bid, the tenderer shall not bear.
Second, the preparation of construction design and construction scheme
construction design and construction program evaluation the tenderer to consider one of the main factors is the bidder determine the amount of construction work main basis of its scientific and reasonable evaluation directly affect the purchase and is a major work of the bidding process is rather technical and professional work of high demand, including: Project Overview, project organization, project assurance measures, preparation programs, construction site layout, the total sub-part of the project plan and schedule, sub-segment of the construction technology and construction technology of organizational measures, the main construction machinery configuration, labor allocation, the main material assurance measures, the construction quality assurance measures, safe and civilized measures to ensure the duration measures.
construction design should be considered the main construction method, construction machinery and equipment and configuration, construction progress, quality assurance measures to ensure a safe and civilized measures and duration measures This is not only the engineering characteristics of construction design, the use of advanced science and construction methods, reduce costs, it is necessary to the use of advanced construction methods, arrangements for a reasonable period, but also the full and effective use of machinery, equipment and labor, temporary facilities and funds to minimize occupation, if the same can be made to the tenderer's cheap rationalization proposals, without prejudice to the premise of using the feature to save construction cost for the tenderer, it will greatly improve the low bidder's reasonable to increase the likelihood of winning, but also in the construction design of risk management planning, to guard against risk.
Third, establish and improve the implementation of the inquiry system, the Bill of Quantities
mode, the bidders set prices freely, all with the prices of all relevant release, the Government no longer to intervene in what way can inquire what specific exercise price, which is bidding under the new situation faced by new problems, the bidders in the daily work necessary to establish the price system, the accumulation of part of the labor, materials , Jixietaiban price, in addition, when in the preparation of multi-party tender offer inquiry, the contents of inquiry include: material market price, market price of local labor, machinery and equipment lease price of crude, sub-part of the project sub-price for.
material market price, materials, often in the project cost about 60% of the total cost, a great impact on the offer, which the quotation stage of understanding of the market price of materials and equipment to be very careful, for a construction project, materials, specifications are hundreds of varieties or even thousands, of every kind of material to a limited inquiry for the tender period of time are somewhat unrealistic, the need for multi-party inquiry and comparative analysis, a reasonable choice prices, inquiry methods are: home to the manufacturers or suppliers ask, has the purchase price of construction engineering materials, manufacturers or suppliers of the listing price, the government regularly publish information on prices, all kinds of information the information on the website prices, etc., list mode, pricing, due to the price of materials for organic synthesis, and analyze the future trends in prices of materials, using an integrated approach to predict price changes, the value added to the price of risk into concrete, it can be said that the losses caused by bidding a large part is the risk of errors caused by the prediction for the secondary material, the bidder should be established to store the price of materials, library materials according to market conditions and price analysis to predict the future, with an overall adjustment of the form factor, no interim inquiry .
artificial integrated unit, the only man in the construction industry to create profits, reflecting the level of corporate governance indicators, the level of artificial integrated unit, a direct impact on the cost of the authenticity of the individual bidders and competitive, artificial seasonal internal staff comprehensive level and wage standards, the surface is not necessary inquiry, but must use the average level of society and the local labor wage standards, to determine the level of internal management, and establish a moderate price, it is necessary to ensure the lowest risk, but also has some competitive.
lease price of crude mechanical equipment, machinery and equipment, depreciation and amortization is based on the way into the offer, enter the number quoted is mainly reflected in the utilization of machinery and mechanical equipment, good rates , except machinery and equipment related to the number and engineering, but also with the construction schedule and construction program-related, mechanical equipment lease price inquiry rough analysis can determine that the purchase of machinery or leasing machinery, to ensure the maximum utilization of funds bidders.
sub-inquiry, general contractor bidders generally have their own management strengths with the total package and medium-sized projects, including the engineering design, construction and commissioning, the bidders from the organizational structure of the design and construction. the highly specialized sub-part of the project such as: steel production arrangements, production and installation of curtain walls, elevator installation, special decoration, subcontracted to specialized subcontractors to complete. not only will affect the level of sub-price tender offer and construction plan with bidders and technical measures are directly related to [⑤]. So to be able to accurately determine the bidder sub-price quote after using the first sub-strategy, or will cause not reported in the higher standard, reported low the press does not go out in the subcontract price and the phenomenon.
four bids computing
the Bill of Quantities of the total project cost, divided by the quantities some of the project costs, measure project costs, other project costs , fees, taxes composition (the profit is included in the integrated unit within).
tender offer according to the following procedures:
(a), fully understand the tender documents, offer a clear range of
1. quantities Notes should tender, contract conditions, technical specifications and drawings and other documents together to understand or explain [⑥]. As a result of the bill of quantities unit price contract, has a specific calculation of the general rules and technical specifications documents, it is often overlooked Contractor will cause great damage.
2. Unless otherwise specified, the quantities in the cost or price, should be understood to have included the implementation and completion of the contract works for the labor, materials, mechanical , quality inspection, installation, management fees, taxes, profits and other costs, and express or implied contract of all duties, obligations and risks.
3. BOQ item in the list are required to fill in for each unit or total price, bid price or lump-sum did not enter a list of items, the cost will be considered in the allocation of quantities in the unit price or lump-sum in the other.
4. to fully understand the meaning of the name of each list item, Learn the name of the list item content of the work included, so that the integrated unit price quoted is reasonable, the cost of the project to include the list of the contents of each work inside [⑦]. if they meet the conditions of contract if the work required is not listed in the breakdown, the cost of will be deemed to have been allocated to the contract works by the total breakdown of the cost or price reasonably comprehensive mid-year report, the cost of the project to be included within the list for each work content, if they meet the terms of the contract if the work requirement is not listed the breakdown of the cost will be deemed to have been allocated to the breakdown of the contract works by the unit price or lump-sum among the list of omissions is not generally considered, but intend to in the construction of additional works required as a separate treatment, such costs must be considered in the offer.
(b), calculated integrated unit, determine the sub-segment of the construction cost
first enterprise level under or by reference to the drawings and scale determine the person, material, machine consumption, followed by determining people, material, machine price, consider the management fees, profit, risk, comprehensive calculation of unit prices, quantities and then to calculate sub-segment of the construction cost.
implementation of the Bill of Quantities mode, all the full release price-related open, the government is no longer any interference. tenderer must be established in the daily work the price system, the accumulation of part of the labor, materials, Jixietaiban prices. In addition to the preparation of multi-party inquiry when tender offer, the contents of Inquiry including: material market price, market price of local labor, machinery and equipment rental prices, the sub-sub-part of the price of such projects.
materials in construction projects often cost about 70% of the total cost of purchase of very large, so the quotation stage of understanding of the market price of materials and equipment to be very serious. in the list mode, pricing, due to materials price changes over time, particularly large, you can not just look at the prevailing prices of construction materials, must be done on The exercise price of different channels for organic synthesis, and analyze the future trends in prices of materials, using an integrated approach to predict price changes, the risks of specific values added into the price. can be said that the tender price due to a large part of the loss is predicted risk of errors caused.
(c), calculated measures costs: measures cost sub-technical measures and organizational measures charge fees, you can use 1), the formula parameter method, according to a certain base * coefficient, reference may be a fixed fee of the level or self- Definition 2), the fixed pricing method, and sub-segment of the integrated unit similar calculation, such as scaffolding, vertical transportation, 3), the physical volume method to predict the amount of each expense, such as the three experiments fees 4), sub-cost method such as cleaning fee subcontract price reference.
measures proposed by the tender fee list is determined based on the general situation, not consider the individual bidders, the bidders may be based on the actual situation, measures to increase the content of offer items such as samples of fees.
(d), calculating costs of other projects: one part of the non-competitive bidding project, according to the tender to provide the quantity and amount credited, no adjustment. tenderer to provide part of the list according to their own tender offer.
(five ), fees and tax calculation: according to location of the project shall be calculated.
is worth noting that the preparation of construction design and reasonable, and is also closely related to the tender offer.
preparation of construction design is considered when evaluation the tenderer One of the main factors, which affect not only scientific and reasonable to the evaluation, but also affect the competitiveness of quotes.
main consideration construction design construction method, the configuration of mechanical equipment and labor, construction progress, quality assurance measures , safe and civilized construction period to ensure that measures and measures, so not only to the duration of the construction organization, and the project cost and price are closely related. especially the artificial, mechanical, and measures the level of costs and directly related to the preparation of construction design.
V. tender offer bid decision analysis and decision
bidders business decisions is an integral part of guiding the entire process of bidding, the factors that affect the bidding decision-making is very complex, in addition to the bidder bidding the economic decision-making and closely related, it must do to the time, quickly and decisively, the tender bids, mainly from the entire decision-making process is divided into decision-making project analysis, bidding strategies and bid price analysis and decision.
1) Project Analysis and Decision
bidders to decide whether to participate in a project tender, we must first consider the current business situation and long-term business objectives, followed by the bid must have a clear purpose, and then analyze the possibility of winning factors.
construction market is a buyer's market, highly competitive bidding, bidders choose Bidder or room is very small, there is more or less the case of operating conditions is not full. In general, as long as the person receiving the tender invitation to tender, the contractor is a positive response to bid, it is mainly based on the following consider, first of all, participants and more tender, more chance of winning; Secondly, often participate in the tender, the opportunity to appear before the public is also more able to play the role of advertising; Third, through participation in the tender, can gain experience and master market conditions, collect information to understand the usual strategy of competitors; fourth bidder who refused to tender invitation to tender, may undermine their own credibility, and thus lose the opportunity after the receipt of invitation to tender.
course, there are a theory is that the strength of the bidder should bid invitation, select those with high probability of winning, small project bidding risk. the fight for the bidding strategy, but in the fierce market competition is difficult to achieve.
bidders after receiving the invitation to tender, the general attitude of not taking bids rejected. but sometimes the price of the bidder also received a number of invitations to tender, the tender offer resources limited, in order of priority in the tender if the average allocation of resources, then the probability of winning each and every project is very low, then the contractor should be directed to analyze the characteristics of each project, a reasonable allocation of the tender of resources. tendering resources in general can be understood as the preparation of tender and computer tools, and other resources, different projects require different amount of resource input, the same resources at different times in different projects have different values. For example: the same bidder in the tender bid higher value civil engineering However, winning bidders in the industrial building to a lower value, which is the construction by the bidder's business ability and cost of staff expertise and experience in tendering and other factors of the decision. bidders must accumulate a lot of empirical data, summarize and dynamic through the analysis in order to determine the different engineering resources into the minimum bid amount Zuiyou by minimizing the amount of resource input Zuiyou bid analysis, you can choose the tender. their intensive resource, successful projects very low probability Reng, should decisively abandon to avoid waste of resources in the tender.
2)
tender bidding strategy, according to the operating conditions of the bidder and business objectives, it is necessary to consider their own strengths and weaknesses, but also consider the intensity of competition, but also of The general features of the tender, according to the type of project and construction conditions to determine bidding strategies.
(1) Survival
bidding strategies, such as tender offer in order to overcome the crisis of survival as the goal for winning, you can not take into account other factors , due to social, political and economic environment changes and the bidder's own poor management, the bidder may result in the crisis of survival, first in this crisis due to economic reasons, reduction of the tender; Second, the government adjusted the direction of investment in infrastructure, Some bidders make good reduction projects, which promote the crisis is often harmful to the business professional engineering a single bidder; Third, if the bidder poor management, there will be fewer and fewer invitations to tender crisis, when Bidders should survive as the most important, to take no profit or even lose money but also championship attitude, as long as the tide over temporarily to survive, there will be hope of a comeback.
(2) competitive bidding bidding strategy
competition as a means to open up the market, low profitability as the goal, in the precise calculation of costs based on estimates of the competitor's offer fully objective, with a competitive offer to the purpose of winning bidders in the following situations shall take the competitive bidding strategy, business depressed, recently received the invitation to bid less threatening competitors, trying to break into new areas, explore new types of construction, the tender risk, construction technology Simple, engineering a large amount of social good project, near the company of other projects under construction.
(3) profit-based bidding strategy bidding
this strategy is to give full play to its own advantages, to achieve the best earnings as the target, smaller projects benefit not enthusiastic, full of larger projects on earnings confidence [⑨], the following situations can offer profit-based strategies, such as the tender has been opened in the region, situation, construction capacity saturation high degree of credibility, fewer competitors, who have the technological advantage and strong brand name bidding effect, the main objective of the tender is to expand its influence, or poor construction, difficult, bad conditions of disbursement of funds, time and quality requirements harsh, as the coalition partners to accompany subject matter projects.
3) analysis and decision
tender offer made after the initial offer should be quoted in various aspects of this analysis, the analysis was to investigate the offer is reasonable, competitive, profitability and risk, thus making the final purchase decision. analysis method can be static analysis and dynamic analysis of two aspects.
(1) Quote of the static analysis
first initial offer is a reasonable assumption, analysis of quotations rationality of the composition and analysis steps are as follows:
① Analysis Division summary of the book prices figures, and calculate the proportion of indicators.
a total construction area of statistics and the individual building area.
b Statistics total cost of materials and of the principal amount and classification of materials, total, calculate the total cost of materials per unit area of indicators and the main indicators of material consumption and costs were measured to calculate the proportion of material costs account for purchase.
c statistic total labor costs and key workers, support the number of workers and managers, according to quotes, schedule, construction area and the total number of statistical man-days of employment per unit area calculated the number of labor cost per unit area, and calculate the required completion period, the production workers and The average person-months full value and output value of person-years to calculate the proportion of labor costs of the total purchase.
d statistics cost of temporary works, machinery and equipment use fees, scaffolding charges, fees and tools, vertical transportation costs, calculate the lower their the proportion of the total price, and the proportion of acquisition costs were accounted for, that is apportioned to the form of amortization of the cost of the project after the end of the residual value and engineering.
e statistical summary of the number of types of management fees, calculated their total purchase the proportion of calculating profit, on behalf of the paragraph and the proportion of the total number of interest.
f if the offer were deliberately increased by some risk factor, can be classified as hidden profit potential profits or proposed for discussion.
Statistics total sub-project and the sub-subcontractor price quotes and to calculate the total bidders their proportion of the direct costs of construction and to calculate the total sub-subcontractors accounted for the proportion of the sub- package of direct costs, indirect costs and profit.
② quote from the macro analysis of the structure is reasonable, for example, of the total labor costs, material costs, the total number of Jixietaiban fees and the ratio between the total management costs, labor fees and the ratio between the village materials fee, facility fee and the fee of the total labor costs Jixietaiban, materials, machinery cost ratio of the total count of the number of the ratio between profits and the ratio between the total purchase to determine the composition of the existence of quotations Certain factors are not comparable, if not comparable factors deducted after the offer is still the irrational structure of the situation, they should go into its causes in depth and to consider appropriate adjustments to some of the labor, materials, Jixietaiban unit price, fixed content and sharing system.
③ Tantao relationship between duration and the offer, according to schedule and offer to calculate the monthly value, annual value, from the practical experience of the bidder to determine the target angle is too high or too low to consider the construction period should be rationality.
④ Analysis of price and amount of labor per unit area, the reasonableness of the use of materials star, the light of practical experience in the construction of similar projects. If this works and similar projects are not comparable with some of the factors that exclude certain non-comparable factors after analysis and comparison, and explore the reasonableness of the offer.
⑤ offer of patently unreasonable for the micro component of the analysis of inspection. focus on efficiency from the alert and change the construction plan, adjust the duration, depressed the supplier and subcontractor prices, saving management costs and other aspects of possible measures. and fix the initial purchase, measure out another low offer solutions based on the best offer the program to compile comparative analysis of data submitted to offer decision-makers or decision-making within the group discussion .
(2) Quote of the dynamic analysis
changes by assuming that certain factors, estimates the impact of purchase offer, the larger the risk of project work content, the use of extended price, the cost of increased risk approach to risk reduction .
such a variety of risks could lead to schedule delays, not only can not claim, and may be fined, as an extension of time may take to increase the liquidity and interest, management fees increase accordingly, wage costs have also increased, machinery equipment use of the cost increases, this increase can only be used to reduce the expenditure part of the profits to make up, so that duration can be measured by several long delays in complete loss of profits.
(3) Price quotation decision making
① basis. as a basis for decision-making should be the main data bidders own cost calculation and analysis of indicators of staff. As for other means of so-called tender's ;, etc., only as a general reference. In tender competition, often leaked information base bid or pry opponents, etc., but those who have deceived many, offer decision-makers often do not experience too much faith in the intelligence from various sources, and use it as the main basis for decision-making offer, and some brokers to master the final design of the file contents vary widely, there is no value in use. Sometimes, some people use the tender spread middlemen so-called ; base bid price care fall into the trap will be left behind competitors.
bidders participate in the tender bid of course want to, but more important is the basic bid price should be reasonable, should not lead to a loss. to offer their own data based on scientific analysis, and then make the appropriate decision-making bid was reported, at least not blindly fall into the trap of market competition.
② offer reasons for the differences. Although the implementation of the Bill of Quantities, is a free group by the price of the bidder, But generally speaking, the bidder on the tender offer method of calculation is the basis of similar cost engineer price information is also similar. Therefore, theoretically, the bid price the bidder's base bid with the bid price should be not far off, Why do they appear in the actual bidding many differences do, in addition to the obvious miscalculation, such as counting, misunderstanding of tender documents, intended to give competition sweeping the highest bidder, the bid price difference there are the following basic reasons.
a pursuit of profit than others. Some people are eager bidders bid to survive the situation, have lower profit margins, not even taking into account the profits in good condition and some bidders do not seek an urgent bid, so the pursuit of profit than high.
b each have different strengths. Some bidders have idle equipment and materials, some bidders have strong capital, and some bidders have many excellent management talents.
c choice different construction program. For medium to large projects and special projects, the construction cost of the program's choice of a greater impact, excellent construction program, including the progress of reasonable arrangement, degree of mechanization, the right choice, optimization, project management, can significantly reduce construction costs, thereby reducing the purchase.
d difference between administrative costs. state-owned enterprises and collective enterprises, the old business and new enterprises, the project site enterprises and foreign enterprises, large enterprises and small and medium enterprises management fees The difference is relatively large because I am under cost element in the list will show the individual costs of bidders, the difference between the cost of individual will become more apparent.
③ between profits and risks in decision making. As complex tendering, pricing is not the same situation encountered, it is difficult anticipate. Generally speaking, decision-making is not the intervention cost engineers offer specific terms, but should be by the decision makers together with the cost engineer on a variety of Quote proper analysis of the factors, and make decisive decisions [⑩]. In order to put forward a variety of pricing options, price, cost, validation and sharing coefficient is equal to the necessary amendments to policy makers is more important to fully consider the expected profit and risk, risk and profits exist in the project, the key is the bidder should be avoided as much as possible greater risk transfer to take measures to prevent trade-off between risk and profit and to make a choice.
④ make decisions based on quantities. In fact, the tender offer in the tender documents of quantities, is based on the construction have not been Tuzhi joint hearing of the drawings and specifications prepared by the bidder, after winning the progress with the project will occur frequently design changes, due to design changes that occur the price will change accordingly, and sometimes tender quantities in check, we will find that there are omissions and wrong quantities considered the phenomenon of consolidation for calculation of unit price for the bidders inconvenience, increased the risk of bidding. However, in the bidding, the bidder must be in strict accordance with the requirements of the tenderer, if the bidder without change, to reduce the tender the human condition. So, the tender will refuse to accept the bidder's bid. So , experienced bidders who bid even if the confirmation of quantities wrong item, omissions, construction process will be a change in the tender conditions and the huge hidden risks, and will not change or reduce the positive condition, but to use imbalance of human errors in the tender offer and other skills. To leave a hint after winning a claim, or the use of detail, additional explanations very carefully add the tender tips of people pay attention to certain conditions, reduce the risk of bidders.
⑤ low-BID decisions. the list is the implementation of low-priced offer after winning an important factor, but cheap to say , to ensure the expected profit and risk on the basis of certain considerations to determine the minimum cost. Therefore, the decision-makers in determining when the final offer cautious, low-cost, though important. but not offer the only factor, in addition to low pricing, the decision-makers strategy or skill can take over rival bidders. tenderers may propose to reduce the investment people make the rationalization of the tender or the tender proposal in favor of some concessions to compensate for the shortage was reported high.
six commonly used bidding strategies
Price is one of the conditions determining the winning bidder, but not the only condition, in general, the duration, quality, social prestige under the same conditions, the tender to select the lowest bid for the good [11]. enterprises can not simply pursue lowest , and project evaluation criteria should be determined by their own conditions of high and low factor price quoted on the full account of the strategy.
general, under the following conditions may be the main with some quotes: ① Construction of the poor conditions (such as the narrow space, ground at the downtown) project; ② professional requires a high-intensive projects, and the company that has expertise, reputation is also high; ③ low price of small projects and are unwilling to do their own invitation to tender was not easy not to bid engineering; ④ special projects, such as port engineering, underground excavation engineering; ⑤ owners of the construction period urgent; ⑥ rival bid less; ⑦ payment conditions are not ideal.
the following quote should be lower case Some: ① good engineering construction conditions, work is simple, works large and general engineering companies can do, such as a large number of earthmoving, general construction and other housing; ② The Company is currently eager to break into a market, a .. .
Abstract: As China's socialist market economy system and development of construction field full implementation of the bidding system, the core issue is the competitive pricing through market competition the formation of prices, the inevitable requirement of the project budget fixed valuation method and system reform, establishment of a corresponding project cost pricing methods and management systems. the Bill of Quantities in the international bidding on a commonly used valuation methods. Engineering the amount of construction bid documents list is an important part, is a unit of measurement that a certain physical quantity and project files, bill of quantities is a the design drawings and specifications and technical specifications, etc., into a series of construction projects and project the number of forms. After the implementation of the Bill of Quantities, to achieve the government pricing changes to market formation of prices. by the mandatory government control over the fixed transition rules for the development of the market economy needs the Bill of Quantities methods. from the previous administration direct intervention into law on supervision of project cost effective to strengthen the government's macro-control project cost. In this pricing model, the owners of contractors at the tendering stage for how the conditions according to their own tender offer to make their own profit is not only successful but also most concerned about each competitor.
Key words: engineering bill of quantities Bidding Strategy BQ
how to determine quantities of the tender offer under Chapter Biqi
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mmmm With the body of the socialist market economic system, the establishment and development, in particular, August 30, 1999 PRC Tendering and Bidding Law corresponding set of valuation methods and project cost management system. you can say oriented. the state varied widely, all of a sudden into a unified global market. this makes the price formation mechanism works in the past faced severe challenges, forcing us to introduce and follow the international practice of project cost management, that is from the original tender self according to the drawing unit quantities for the tender offer to change the units of quantities (Engineering physical quantity) to tender units offer both conform to the internationally accepted way of competitive bidding, but also solves the and incentive mechanism of market competition mechanism and market competition, the Bill of Quantities construction norms came into being.
construction bill of quantities is an important part of the bidding documents, is a unit of measurement that a certain amount of physical works and documents, bills of quantities is a the design drawings and specifications and technical specifications, etc., into a series of construction projects and project the number of forms. After the implementation of the Bill of Quantities, to achieve the formation of the government pricing to the market price changes [①]. from the past changes in government-controlled mandatory quotas for the development of market economy needs to adapt to the Bill of Quantities methods. by the direct intervention into the past administration of project cost supervision according to law, strengthen the government's effective macro-control on the project cost [②]. In this types of pricing model, the owners of It is each competitor can benefit the most concern. the following aspects from the following description.
First, review the list of quantities and calculate the amount of
general construction projects, bidders must bid one list provided by the combination of quantity and press the integrated unit [③] in the form of quotations [④]. tenderer by the tenderer in the bill of quantities provided by the group price, must be caused by the construction program and construction engineering technology increment in the form of a price within the integrated unit. on the review of quantities, can know the amount of the tender to provide the accuracy of the project, if the bidding were allowed to adjust, to a greater error, Q & A will move through the bidding unit adjustments, to obtain consent to make adjustments; if allowed to adjust, you can project a larger error methods to solve by adjusting the unit price; or as the case may be unbalanced bid, or to digest the tender under the premise of the risk of missing items were not be adjusted, then the claim construction process.
tender bill of quantities provided by a sub-segment of the project in the list of quantities, but measures the amount of the project and construction scheme of the project does not provide the tender, bidders must according to the design in the bidding documents and construction design, construction program for the second calculation. so this part of the price quoted in the form of the amount apportioned to be fully taken into account. Since the list is dominated under the lowest bidder the absence of thoughtful losses caused by low bid, the tenderer shall not bear.
Second, the preparation of construction design and construction scheme
construction design and construction program evaluation the tenderer to consider one of the main factors is the bidder determine the amount of construction work main basis of its scientific and reasonable evaluation directly affect the purchase and is a major work of the bidding process is rather technical and professional work of high demand, including: Project Overview, project organization, project assurance measures, preparation programs, construction site layout, the total sub-part of the project plan and schedule, sub-segment of the construction technology and construction technology of organizational measures, the main construction machinery configuration, labor allocation, the main material assurance measures, the construction quality assurance measures, safe and civilized measures to ensure the duration measures.
construction design should be considered the main construction method, construction machinery and equipment and configuration, construction progress, quality assurance measures to ensure a safe and civilized measures and duration measures This is not only the engineering characteristics of construction design, the use of advanced science and construction methods, reduce costs, it is necessary to the use of advanced construction methods, arrangements for a reasonable period, but also the full and effective use of machinery, equipment and labor, temporary facilities and funds to minimize occupation, if the same can be made to the tenderer's cheap rationalization proposals, without prejudice to the premise of using the feature to save construction cost for the tenderer, it will greatly improve the low bidder's reasonable to increase the likelihood of winning, but also in the construction design of risk management planning, to guard against risk.
Third, establish and improve the implementation of the inquiry system, the Bill of Quantities
mode, the bidders set prices freely, all with the prices of all relevant release, the Government no longer to intervene in what way can inquire what specific exercise price, which is bidding under the new situation faced by new problems, the bidders in the daily work necessary to establish the price system, the accumulation of part of the labor, materials , Jixietaiban price, in addition, when in the preparation of multi-party tender offer inquiry, the contents of inquiry include: material market price, market price of local labor, machinery and equipment lease price of crude, sub-part of the project sub-price for.
material market price, materials, often in the project cost about 60% of the total cost, a great impact on the offer, which the quotation stage of understanding of the market price of materials and equipment to be very careful, for a construction project, materials, specifications are hundreds of varieties or even thousands, of every kind of material to a limited inquiry for the tender period of time are somewhat unrealistic, the need for multi-party inquiry and comparative analysis, a reasonable choice prices, inquiry methods are: home to the manufacturers or suppliers ask, has the purchase price of construction engineering materials, manufacturers or suppliers of the listing price, the government regularly publish information on prices, all kinds of information the information on the website prices, etc., list mode, pricing, due to the price of materials for organic synthesis, and analyze the future trends in prices of materials, using an integrated approach to predict price changes, the value added to the price of risk into concrete, it can be said that the losses caused by bidding a large part is the risk of errors caused by the prediction for the secondary material, the bidder should be established to store the price of materials, library materials according to market conditions and price analysis to predict the future, with an overall adjustment of the form factor, no interim inquiry .
artificial integrated unit, the only man in the construction industry to create profits, reflecting the level of corporate governance indicators, the level of artificial integrated unit, a direct impact on the cost of the authenticity of the individual bidders and competitive, artificial seasonal internal staff comprehensive level and wage standards, the surface is not necessary inquiry, but must use the average level of society and the local labor wage standards, to determine the level of internal management, and establish a moderate price, it is necessary to ensure the lowest risk, but also has some competitive.
lease price of crude mechanical equipment, machinery and equipment, depreciation and amortization is based on the way into the offer, enter the number quoted is mainly reflected in the utilization of machinery and mechanical equipment, good rates , except machinery and equipment related to the number and engineering, but also with the construction schedule and construction program-related, mechanical equipment lease price inquiry rough analysis can determine that the purchase of machinery or leasing machinery, to ensure the maximum utilization of funds bidders.
sub-inquiry, general contractor bidders generally have their own management strengths with the total package and medium-sized projects, including the engineering design, construction and commissioning, the bidders from the organizational structure of the design and construction. the highly specialized sub-part of the project such as: steel production arrangements, production and installation of curtain walls, elevator installation, special decoration, subcontracted to specialized subcontractors to complete. not only will affect the level of sub-price tender offer and construction plan with bidders and technical measures are directly related to [⑤]. So to be able to accurately determine the bidder sub-price quote after using the first sub-strategy, or will cause not reported in the higher standard, reported low the press does not go out in the subcontract price and the phenomenon.
four bids computing
the Bill of Quantities of the total project cost, divided by the quantities some of the project costs, measure project costs, other project costs , fees, taxes composition (the profit is included in the integrated unit within).
tender offer according to the following procedures:
(a), fully understand the tender documents, offer a clear range of
1. quantities Notes should tender, contract conditions, technical specifications and drawings and other documents together to understand or explain [⑥]. As a result of the bill of quantities unit price contract, has a specific calculation of the general rules and technical specifications documents, it is often overlooked Contractor will cause great damage.
2. Unless otherwise specified, the quantities in the cost or price, should be understood to have included the implementation and completion of the contract works for the labor, materials, mechanical , quality inspection, installation, management fees, taxes, profits and other costs, and express or implied contract of all duties, obligations and risks.
3. BOQ item in the list are required to fill in for each unit or total price, bid price or lump-sum did not enter a list of items, the cost will be considered in the allocation of quantities in the unit price or lump-sum in the other.
4. to fully understand the meaning of the name of each list item, Learn the name of the list item content of the work included, so that the integrated unit price quoted is reasonable, the cost of the project to include the list of the contents of each work inside [⑦]. if they meet the conditions of contract if the work required is not listed in the breakdown, the cost of will be deemed to have been allocated to the contract works by the total breakdown of the cost or price reasonably comprehensive mid-year report, the cost of the project to be included within the list for each work content, if they meet the terms of the contract if the work requirement is not listed the breakdown of the cost will be deemed to have been allocated to the breakdown of the contract works by the unit price or lump-sum among the list of omissions is not generally considered, but intend to in the construction of additional works required as a separate treatment, such costs must be considered in the offer.
(b), calculated integrated unit, determine the sub-segment of the construction cost
first enterprise level under or by reference to the drawings and scale determine the person, material, machine consumption, followed by determining people, material, machine price, consider the management fees, profit, risk, comprehensive calculation of unit prices, quantities and then to calculate sub-segment of the construction cost.
implementation of the Bill of Quantities mode, all the full release price-related open, the government is no longer any interference. tenderer must be established in the daily work the price system, the accumulation of part of the labor, materials, Jixietaiban prices. In addition to the preparation of multi-party inquiry when tender offer, the contents of Inquiry including: material market price, market price of local labor, machinery and equipment rental prices, the sub-sub-part of the price of such projects.
materials in construction projects often cost about 70% of the total cost of purchase of very large, so the quotation stage of understanding of the market price of materials and equipment to be very serious. in the list mode, pricing, due to materials price changes over time, particularly large, you can not just look at the prevailing prices of construction materials, must be done on The exercise price of different channels for organic synthesis, and analyze the future trends in prices of materials, using an integrated approach to predict price changes, the risks of specific values added into the price. can be said that the tender price due to a large part of the loss is predicted risk of errors caused.
(c), calculated measures costs: measures cost sub-technical measures and organizational measures charge fees, you can use 1), the formula parameter method, according to a certain base * coefficient, reference may be a fixed fee of the level or self- Definition 2), the fixed pricing method, and sub-segment of the integrated unit similar calculation, such as scaffolding, vertical transportation, 3), the physical volume method to predict the amount of each expense, such as the three experiments fees 4), sub-cost method such as cleaning fee subcontract price reference.
measures proposed by the tender fee list is determined based on the general situation, not consider the individual bidders, the bidders may be based on the actual situation, measures to increase the content of offer items such as samples of fees.
(d), calculating costs of other projects: one part of the non-competitive bidding project, according to the tender to provide the quantity and amount credited, no adjustment. tenderer to provide part of the list according to their own tender offer.
(five ), fees and tax calculation: according to location of the project shall be calculated.
is worth noting that the preparation of construction design and reasonable, and is also closely related to the tender offer.
preparation of construction design is considered when evaluation the tenderer One of the main factors, which affect not only scientific and reasonable to the evaluation, but also affect the competitiveness of quotes.
main consideration construction design construction method, the configuration of mechanical equipment and labor, construction progress, quality assurance measures , safe and civilized construction period to ensure that measures and measures, so not only to the duration of the construction organization, and the project cost and price are closely related. especially the artificial, mechanical, and measures the level of costs and directly related to the preparation of construction design.
V. tender offer bid decision analysis and decision
bidders business decisions is an integral part of guiding the entire process of bidding, the factors that affect the bidding decision-making is very complex, in addition to the bidder bidding the economic decision-making and closely related, it must do to the time, quickly and decisively, the tender bids, mainly from the entire decision-making process is divided into decision-making project analysis, bidding strategies and bid price analysis and decision.
1) Project Analysis and Decision
bidders to decide whether to participate in a project tender, we must first consider the current business situation and long-term business objectives, followed by the bid must have a clear purpose, and then analyze the possibility of winning factors.
construction market is a buyer's market, highly competitive bidding, bidders choose Bidder or room is very small, there is more or less the case of operating conditions is not full. In general, as long as the person receiving the tender invitation to tender, the contractor is a positive response to bid, it is mainly based on the following consider, first of all, participants and more tender, more chance of winning; Secondly, often participate in the tender, the opportunity to appear before the public is also more able to play the role of advertising; Third, through participation in the tender, can gain experience and master market conditions, collect information to understand the usual strategy of competitors; fourth bidder who refused to tender invitation to tender, may undermine their own credibility, and thus lose the opportunity after the receipt of invitation to tender.
course, there are a theory is that the strength of the bidder should bid invitation, select those with high probability of winning, small project bidding risk. the fight for the bidding strategy, but in the fierce market competition is difficult to achieve.
bidders after receiving the invitation to tender, the general attitude of not taking bids rejected. but sometimes the price of the bidder also received a number of invitations to tender, the tender offer resources limited, in order of priority in the tender if the average allocation of resources, then the probability of winning each and every project is very low, then the contractor should be directed to analyze the characteristics of each project, a reasonable allocation of the tender of resources. tendering resources in general can be understood as the preparation of tender and computer tools, and other resources, different projects require different amount of resource input, the same resources at different times in different projects have different values. For example: the same bidder in the tender bid higher value civil engineering However, winning bidders in the industrial building to a lower value, which is the construction by the bidder's business ability and cost of staff expertise and experience in tendering and other factors of the decision. bidders must accumulate a lot of empirical data, summarize and dynamic through the analysis in order to determine the different engineering resources into the minimum bid amount Zuiyou by minimizing the amount of resource input Zuiyou bid analysis, you can choose the tender. their intensive resource, successful projects very low probability Reng, should decisively abandon to avoid waste of resources in the tender.
2)
tender bidding strategy, according to the operating conditions of the bidder and business objectives, it is necessary to consider their own strengths and weaknesses, but also consider the intensity of competition, but also of The general features of the tender, according to the type of project and construction conditions to determine bidding strategies.
(1) Survival
bidding strategies, such as tender offer in order to overcome the crisis of survival as the goal for winning, you can not take into account other factors , due to social, political and economic environment changes and the bidder's own poor management, the bidder may result in the crisis of survival, first in this crisis due to economic reasons, reduction of the tender; Second, the government adjusted the direction of investment in infrastructure, Some bidders make good reduction projects, which promote the crisis is often harmful to the business professional engineering a single bidder; Third, if the bidder poor management, there will be fewer and fewer invitations to tender crisis, when Bidders should survive as the most important, to take no profit or even lose money but also championship attitude, as long as the tide over temporarily to survive, there will be hope of a comeback.
(2) competitive bidding bidding strategy
competition as a means to open up the market, low profitability as the goal, in the precise calculation of costs based on estimates of the competitor's offer fully objective, with a competitive offer to the purpose of winning bidders in the following situations shall take the competitive bidding strategy, business depressed, recently received the invitation to bid less threatening competitors, trying to break into new areas, explore new types of construction, the tender risk, construction technology Simple, engineering a large amount of social good project, near the company of other projects under construction.
(3) profit-based bidding strategy bidding
this strategy is to give full play to its own advantages, to achieve the best earnings as the target, smaller projects benefit not enthusiastic, full of larger projects on earnings confidence [⑨], the following situations can offer profit-based strategies, such as the tender has been opened in the region, situation, construction capacity saturation high degree of credibility, fewer competitors, who have the technological advantage and strong brand name bidding effect, the main objective of the tender is to expand its influence, or poor construction, difficult, bad conditions of disbursement of funds, time and quality requirements harsh, as the coalition partners to accompany subject matter projects.
3) analysis and decision
tender offer made after the initial offer should be quoted in various aspects of this analysis, the analysis was to investigate the offer is reasonable, competitive, profitability and risk, thus making the final purchase decision. analysis method can be static analysis and dynamic analysis of two aspects.
(1) Quote of the static analysis
first initial offer is a reasonable assumption, analysis of quotations rationality of the composition and analysis steps are as follows:
① Analysis Division summary of the book prices figures, and calculate the proportion of indicators.
a total construction area of statistics and the individual building area.
b Statistics total cost of materials and of the principal amount and classification of materials, total, calculate the total cost of materials per unit area of indicators and the main indicators of material consumption and costs were measured to calculate the proportion of material costs account for purchase.
c statistic total labor costs and key workers, support the number of workers and managers, according to quotes, schedule, construction area and the total number of statistical man-days of employment per unit area calculated the number of labor cost per unit area, and calculate the required completion period, the production workers and The average person-months full value and output value of person-years to calculate the proportion of labor costs of the total purchase.
d statistics cost of temporary works, machinery and equipment use fees, scaffolding charges, fees and tools, vertical transportation costs, calculate the lower their the proportion of the total price, and the proportion of acquisition costs were accounted for, that is apportioned to the form of amortization of the cost of the project after the end of the residual value and engineering.
e statistical summary of the number of types of management fees, calculated their total purchase the proportion of calculating profit, on behalf of the paragraph and the proportion of the total number of interest.
f if the offer were deliberately increased by some risk factor, can be classified as hidden profit potential profits or proposed for discussion.
Statistics total sub-project and the sub-subcontractor price quotes and to calculate the total bidders their proportion of the direct costs of construction and to calculate the total sub-subcontractors accounted for the proportion of the sub- package of direct costs, indirect costs and profit.
② quote from the macro analysis of the structure is reasonable, for example, of the total labor costs, material costs, the total number of Jixietaiban fees and the ratio between the total management costs, labor fees and the ratio between the village materials fee, facility fee and the fee of the total labor costs Jixietaiban, materials, machinery cost ratio of the total count of the number of the ratio between profits and the ratio between the total purchase to determine the composition of the existence of quotations Certain factors are not comparable, if not comparable factors deducted after the offer is still the irrational structure of the situation, they should go into its causes in depth and to consider appropriate adjustments to some of the labor, materials, Jixietaiban unit price, fixed content and sharing system.
③ Tantao relationship between duration and the offer, according to schedule and offer to calculate the monthly value, annual value, from the practical experience of the bidder to determine the target angle is too high or too low to consider the construction period should be rationality.
④ Analysis of price and amount of labor per unit area, the reasonableness of the use of materials star, the light of practical experience in the construction of similar projects. If this works and similar projects are not comparable with some of the factors that exclude certain non-comparable factors after analysis and comparison, and explore the reasonableness of the offer.
⑤ offer of patently unreasonable for the micro component of the analysis of inspection. focus on efficiency from the alert and change the construction plan, adjust the duration, depressed the supplier and subcontractor prices, saving management costs and other aspects of possible measures. and fix the initial purchase, measure out another low offer solutions based on the best offer the program to compile comparative analysis of data submitted to offer decision-makers or decision-making within the group discussion .
(2) Quote of the dynamic analysis
changes by assuming that certain factors, estimates the impact of purchase offer, the larger the risk of project work content, the use of extended price, the cost of increased risk approach to risk reduction .
such a variety of risks could lead to schedule delays, not only can not claim, and may be fined, as an extension of time may take to increase the liquidity and interest, management fees increase accordingly, wage costs have also increased, machinery equipment use of the cost increases, this increase can only be used to reduce the expenditure part of the profits to make up, so that duration can be measured by several long delays in complete loss of profits.
(3) Price quotation decision making
① basis. as a basis for decision-making should be the main data bidders own cost calculation and analysis of indicators of staff. As for other means of so-called tender's ;, etc., only as a general reference. In tender competition, often leaked information base bid or pry opponents, etc., but those who have deceived many, offer decision-makers often do not experience too much faith in the intelligence from various sources, and use it as the main basis for decision-making offer, and some brokers to master the final design of the file contents vary widely, there is no value in use. Sometimes, some people use the tender spread middlemen so-called ; base bid price care fall into the trap will be left behind competitors.
bidders participate in the tender bid of course want to, but more important is the basic bid price should be reasonable, should not lead to a loss. to offer their own data based on scientific analysis, and then make the appropriate decision-making bid was reported, at least not blindly fall into the trap of market competition.
② offer reasons for the differences. Although the implementation of the Bill of Quantities, is a free group by the price of the bidder, But generally speaking, the bidder on the tender offer method of calculation is the basis of similar cost engineer price information is also similar. Therefore, theoretically, the bid price the bidder's base bid with the bid price should be not far off, Why do they appear in the actual bidding many differences do, in addition to the obvious miscalculation, such as counting, misunderstanding of tender documents, intended to give competition sweeping the highest bidder, the bid price difference there are the following basic reasons.
a pursuit of profit than others. Some people are eager bidders bid to survive the situation, have lower profit margins, not even taking into account the profits in good condition and some bidders do not seek an urgent bid, so the pursuit of profit than high.
b each have different strengths. Some bidders have idle equipment and materials, some bidders have strong capital, and some bidders have many excellent management talents.
c choice different construction program. For medium to large projects and special projects, the construction cost of the program's choice of a greater impact, excellent construction program, including the progress of reasonable arrangement, degree of mechanization, the right choice, optimization, project management, can significantly reduce construction costs, thereby reducing the purchase.
d difference between administrative costs. state-owned enterprises and collective enterprises, the old business and new enterprises, the project site enterprises and foreign enterprises, large enterprises and small and medium enterprises management fees The difference is relatively large because I am under cost element in the list will show the individual costs of bidders, the difference between the cost of individual will become more apparent.
③ between profits and risks in decision making. As complex tendering, pricing is not the same situation encountered, it is difficult anticipate. Generally speaking, decision-making is not the intervention cost engineers offer specific terms, but should be by the decision makers together with the cost engineer on a variety of Quote proper analysis of the factors, and make decisive decisions [⑩]. In order to put forward a variety of pricing options, price, cost, validation and sharing coefficient is equal to the necessary amendments to policy makers is more important to fully consider the expected profit and risk, risk and profits exist in the project, the key is the bidder should be avoided as much as possible greater risk transfer to take measures to prevent trade-off between risk and profit and to make a choice.
④ make decisions based on quantities. In fact, the tender offer in the tender documents of quantities, is based on the construction have not been Tuzhi joint hearing of the drawings and specifications prepared by the bidder, after winning the progress with the project will occur frequently design changes, due to design changes that occur the price will change accordingly, and sometimes tender quantities in check, we will find that there are omissions and wrong quantities considered the phenomenon of consolidation for calculation of unit price for the bidders inconvenience, increased the risk of bidding. However, in the bidding, the bidder must be in strict accordance with the requirements of the tenderer, if the bidder without change, to reduce the tender the human condition. So, the tender will refuse to accept the bidder's bid. So , experienced bidders who bid even if the confirmation of quantities wrong item, omissions, construction process will be a change in the tender conditions and the huge hidden risks, and will not change or reduce the positive condition, but to use imbalance of human errors in the tender offer and other skills. To leave a hint after winning a claim, or the use of detail, additional explanations very carefully add the tender tips of people pay attention to certain conditions, reduce the risk of bidders.
⑤ low-BID decisions. the list is the implementation of low-priced offer after winning an important factor, but cheap to say , to ensure the expected profit and risk on the basis of certain considerations to determine the minimum cost. Therefore, the decision-makers in determining when the final offer cautious, low-cost, though important. but not offer the only factor, in addition to low pricing, the decision-makers strategy or skill can take over rival bidders. tenderers may propose to reduce the investment people make the rationalization of the tender or the tender proposal in favor of some concessions to compensate for the shortage was reported high.
six commonly used bidding strategies
Price is one of the conditions determining the winning bidder, but not the only condition, in general, the duration, quality, social prestige under the same conditions, the tender to select the lowest bid for the good [11]. enterprises can not simply pursue lowest , and project evaluation criteria should be determined by their own conditions of high and low factor price quoted on the full account of the strategy.
general, under the following conditions may be the main with some quotes: ① Construction of the poor conditions (such as the narrow space, ground at the downtown) project; ② professional requires a high-intensive projects, and the company that has expertise, reputation is also high; ③ low price of small projects and are unwilling to do their own invitation to tender was not easy not to bid engineering; ④ special projects, such as port engineering, underground excavation engineering; ⑤ owners of the construction period urgent; ⑥ rival bid less; ⑦ payment conditions are not ideal.
the following quote should be lower case Some: ① good engineering construction conditions, work is simple, works large and general engineering companies can do, such as a large number of earthmoving, general construction and other housing; ② The Company is currently eager to break into a market, a .. .
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Sanya outdoor sports by Yi Hu - Bike Tour
Sanya outdoor sports by Yi Hu - Bike Tour
If life is an eagle, then the determination is strong and vigorous goes on wings, wings of the eagle into a vibration higher and more wide space
.
If life is a building, then the determination is that the foot of the foundation, no foundation, no matter how high the buildings can only be a castle in the air.
no stamina, holding pole regardless of how Chuang, Ning style? perseverance is an important guarantee for the success of human
, even though you're not good, as long as you have stamina, you can succeed.
raised persistence of sailing, singing the song of perseverance, we are moving in the riding on the road, into poetic piece contains infinite Sky, Earth,
Bi Che azure blue sky, crystal clear bright white snow, magnificent mountains, roaring rivers, Pentium, watching the majestic strains of the mountain, decided < br> select toward the front.
raised persistence of sailing, singing the song of perseverance, we are driving on the road riding, listening to the rain pattering sound, listening to a hundred worms light Ming, listening to call spring,
bee whirling butterflies. perseverance We fly wings, with perseverance, we are not afraid of the clouds, not addicted to yarn soft mist like a dream, dumping
Tingfeng beautiful song language, firmly toward the sky, a stroke of our Miles ambition, as unrest in the ease of a bird cage, we refused to lose the freedom
sweet.
raised persistence of sailing, singing the song of perseverance, we are driving on the road riding and see Liu Xia Fei, see bamboo Dicui to see flowers bloom,
see waterfalls splash of jade. We refuse suspended midway, with a determination as to the ideal as long as the paddle, we can still smooth sailing, triumph; as long as the ladder with a masterpiece Yi
, we can still board the peak entries, the list of the world.
perseverance is like a colorful ribbon, we must always take it, let him fly in our airspace!
we know how to use persistence protect freedom. life sing loud and clear.
If life is an eagle, then the determination is strong and vigorous goes on wings, wings of the eagle into a vibration higher and more wide space
.
If life is a building, then the determination is that the foot of the foundation, no foundation, no matter how high the buildings can only be a castle in the air.
no stamina, holding pole regardless of how Chuang, Ning style? perseverance is an important guarantee for the success of human
, even though you're not good, as long as you have stamina, you can succeed.
raised persistence of sailing, singing the song of perseverance, we are moving in the riding on the road, into poetic piece contains infinite Sky, Earth,
Bi Che azure blue sky, crystal clear bright white snow, magnificent mountains, roaring rivers, Pentium, watching the majestic strains of the mountain, decided < br> select toward the front.
raised persistence of sailing, singing the song of perseverance, we are driving on the road riding, listening to the rain pattering sound, listening to a hundred worms light Ming, listening to call spring,
bee whirling butterflies. perseverance We fly wings, with perseverance, we are not afraid of the clouds, not addicted to yarn soft mist like a dream, dumping
Tingfeng beautiful song language, firmly toward the sky, a stroke of our Miles ambition, as unrest in the ease of a bird cage, we refused to lose the freedom
sweet.
raised persistence of sailing, singing the song of perseverance, we are driving on the road riding and see Liu Xia Fei, see bamboo Dicui to see flowers bloom,
see waterfalls splash of jade. We refuse suspended midway, with a determination as to the ideal as long as the paddle, we can still smooth sailing, triumph; as long as the ladder with a masterpiece Yi
, we can still board the peak entries, the list of the world.
perseverance is like a colorful ribbon, we must always take it, let him fly in our airspace!
we know how to use persistence protect freedom. life sing loud and clear.
Thursday, December 16, 2010
continued to show I was more than 40 years of age the mentality of people play online games!
Recently, held in Wuxi, China (and perhaps the world's) first online equipment auctions, equipment and accounts for some online games for the auction, the price at more than a few hundred yuan, 3,200 yuan, but also the most expensive. There is a Legend of Mir II the mentality of playing online games similar point and a bunch of friends to play games online in the past nine years, he has invested hundreds of million of funding has used to buy equipment, and other popular gathering. the strength of people playing online games is not an ordinary young people have, they are purely to ease the pressure of daily work to relax, in the online world to find like-minded friends, not as young as addicted to the network. He also reminded the young people play online games to master a level, according to their economic strength and level of decision.
Thus, this so-called mentality, the mentality is poor Cuotai.
the upstart mentality, and then obvious. some of the country south of the boss, wearing shorts, slippers Ta feet, neck hung a thick and heavy but there must be gold chain, brother I have spent time in Tibet, where the seaweed rich by digging caterpillar fungus hug the Tibetans, is scheduled to give his gold teeth inlaid big stars, this is the typical image of the nouveau riche. to an otherwise only reaches 50 games, life and take the money hit 94, which linked gold chain with gold teeth no essential difference, the same point is: are there is no beauty to show off their wealth. you say not the upstart mentality?
taken advantage of, according to research from Yangzhou dialect, in Qinghai dialect, such a person called what it is called, are intended to be deceived, Aizai the mean. we all know, the game equipment, but a server in a string of binary code, there is no practical significance. We spend money to play the game, in fact, service operators in the purchase, not a string of code. Now, some forest for the trees, have spent millions, only to GM fingertips can copy a string of code an unlimited number of mm, but also complacent, you say this name is not called being taken advantage of What?
Lu said that the poor do Cuotai rich poetry, reflected in its proper cold beetles. spend more than 100 million games played, ran out of successful installation, and the lessons young people to play games to have degrees, and display 40-year-old mentality of people playing online games Youth mentor install it? like Kai-fu Lee had 500 million individual income tax that people dubbed by the media instructors Shihai Niuniunienie youth, not about to accept it. but is a matter for their favorite took more than 100 million people, how to dare to come out of that tonight's!
Thus, this so-called mentality, the mentality is poor Cuotai.
the upstart mentality, and then obvious. some of the country south of the boss, wearing shorts, slippers Ta feet, neck hung a thick and heavy but there must be gold chain, brother I have spent time in Tibet, where the seaweed rich by digging caterpillar fungus hug the Tibetans, is scheduled to give his gold teeth inlaid big stars, this is the typical image of the nouveau riche. to an otherwise only reaches 50 games, life and take the money hit 94, which linked gold chain with gold teeth no essential difference, the same point is: are there is no beauty to show off their wealth. you say not the upstart mentality?
taken advantage of, according to research from Yangzhou dialect, in Qinghai dialect, such a person called what it is called, are intended to be deceived, Aizai the mean. we all know, the game equipment, but a server in a string of binary code, there is no practical significance. We spend money to play the game, in fact, service operators in the purchase, not a string of code. Now, some forest for the trees, have spent millions, only to GM fingertips can copy a string of code an unlimited number of mm, but also complacent, you say this name is not called being taken advantage of What?
Lu said that the poor do Cuotai rich poetry, reflected in its proper cold beetles. spend more than 100 million games played, ran out of successful installation, and the lessons young people to play games to have degrees, and display 40-year-old mentality of people playing online games Youth mentor install it? like Kai-fu Lee had 500 million individual income tax that people dubbed by the media instructors Shihai Niuniunienie youth, not about to accept it. but is a matter for their favorite took more than 100 million people, how to dare to come out of that tonight's!
Wednesday, December 15, 2010
TVB supporting actor who (Reprinted)
Like to watch TVB drama should not miss, and I came directly COPY
If the photos are not complete, click on this page can be seen
to text mode View topic
- Silver River Network Forum (
- Fashion Parkway (
---- TVB-TVB those green leaves are the supporting role they (
- of: Sandy 2894
- Posted :2005-11-25 14:01:09
- TVB-TVB those green leaves are the supporting role of their long
violence, violence and more violence is good, there may be many repeated
1: Name: Angela Tong < br> Birthday: June 30 (Cancer)
Hometown: Canada
English name: Angela
Birthplace: Shunde
Height: 165 cm
Weight: 47 kg
Education: freshman year
Languages Spoken: Cantonese, English, French
Interests: swimming, cycling, basketball, field hockey
entry after: Montreal,Bailey UGG boots, Canada in 1995 and has performed in television series, Miss Champion
Mr. 1998 your name, bag monk, Healing Hands
1999 Armed Reaction 2, the hospital was full
2000 Entertainment Toy Star, FM701
2001 VII Station, ride it like a large, ordered her husband to recover Bo Cowherd and Weaver Girl wife
2002, one hundred thousand tons love, stupid husband Jackie Chan, gold Iceman
2: Name: Guo Shaoyun
Weight: 52 (kg)
Blood: A
Birthday: 08 / 25
Constellation: Virgo
Height: 168 (cm)
I appreciate this is a professional actor Henjiao Se ~ ~ ~ look at her recent speech in 3: stage name: Wen Songxian MANCHUNG, HAN, ANNIE
Birthday: July 20, 1976
Constellation: Cancer
Height: 5 feet 4 inches (163cm)
Weight: 100 lbs (45kg)
Language: Cantonese, English
Education: Secondary School
Favorite food: strawberries
favorite color: purple
favorite animal: rabbit Aberdeen
favorite clothing: comfortable clothes fit the most popular idols
: The most popular singers Andy Lau
: Beyond
the most embarrassing thing: the wrong one
the most annoying thing: Do not favored by people to see their most memorable thing
: reading interesting
When did you join the entertainment business: 1993
motto: While it is not considered the best, but compared to other people have good transport
4: Name: Wang Lin
original name: Wang Xiaowen
English name : Irene
Date of Birth: August 26, 1977
Constellation: Virgo
Height: 5 feet 5 inches
Weight: 103 lbs
measurements: B34.5W24.5H34
Personality: naive, frankly
Education: Foundation
Hobbies: travel, shopping,UGGs, playing volleyball, eating
Language: Cantonese
Special Skills: Ballet
favorite dress: wear time-varying was goodlooking clothes
Idol: Leslie
favorite fruits: watermelon
favorite drink: pearl milk tea
vision: to become excellent artists, enjoy
These conditions affected all walks of life: good and her pet her, not helping them, the most like the company of Leslie
: ProFILMco.
He has performed in the film:
If the photos are not complete, click on this page can be seen
to text mode View topic
- Silver River Network Forum (
- Fashion Parkway (
---- TVB-TVB those green leaves are the supporting role they (
- of: Sandy 2894
- Posted :2005-11-25 14:01:09
- TVB-TVB those green leaves are the supporting role of their long
violence, violence and more violence is good, there may be many repeated
1: Name: Angela Tong < br> Birthday: June 30 (Cancer)
Hometown: Canada
English name: Angela
Birthplace: Shunde
Height: 165 cm
Weight: 47 kg
Education: freshman year
Languages Spoken: Cantonese, English, French
Interests: swimming, cycling, basketball, field hockey
entry after: Montreal,Bailey UGG boots, Canada in 1995 and has performed in television series, Miss Champion
Mr. 1998 your name, bag monk, Healing Hands
1999 Armed Reaction 2, the hospital was full
2000 Entertainment Toy Star, FM701
2001 VII Station, ride it like a large, ordered her husband to recover Bo Cowherd and Weaver Girl wife
2002, one hundred thousand tons love, stupid husband Jackie Chan, gold Iceman
2: Name: Guo Shaoyun
Weight: 52 (kg)
Blood: A
Birthday: 08 / 25
Constellation: Virgo
Height: 168 (cm)
I appreciate this is a professional actor Henjiao Se ~ ~ ~ look at her recent speech in 3: stage name: Wen Songxian MANCHUNG, HAN, ANNIE
Birthday: July 20, 1976
Constellation: Cancer
Height: 5 feet 4 inches (163cm)
Weight: 100 lbs (45kg)
Language: Cantonese, English
Education: Secondary School
Favorite food: strawberries
favorite color: purple
favorite animal: rabbit Aberdeen
favorite clothing: comfortable clothes fit the most popular idols
: The most popular singers Andy Lau
: Beyond
the most embarrassing thing: the wrong one
the most annoying thing: Do not favored by people to see their most memorable thing
: reading interesting
When did you join the entertainment business: 1993
motto: While it is not considered the best, but compared to other people have good transport
4: Name: Wang Lin
original name: Wang Xiaowen
English name : Irene
Date of Birth: August 26, 1977
Constellation: Virgo
Height: 5 feet 5 inches
Weight: 103 lbs
measurements: B34.5W24.5H34
Personality: naive, frankly
Education: Foundation
Hobbies: travel, shopping,UGGs, playing volleyball, eating
Language: Cantonese
Special Skills: Ballet
favorite dress: wear time-varying was goodlooking clothes
Idol: Leslie
favorite fruits: watermelon
favorite drink: pearl milk tea
vision: to become excellent artists, enjoy
These conditions affected all walks of life: good and her pet her, not helping them, the most like the company of Leslie
: ProFILMco.
He has performed in the film:
Tuesday, December 14, 2010
IT rich are young
Hoogewerf IT Rich List published, sum up to one sentence: IT rich are young!
Until the eighteenth place ranking Liu Changle, Hoogewerf IT Rich List is not even one of more than 45 years old, the rich in all fifty more than 50 years of age was only eight people,cheap UGG boots, I believe this is the richest in other industries are difficult to see.
and Liu, Zhang, Wang Xuan, Ren are different, the older generation is based on state-owned enterprise managers to achieve their aspirations , IT Regal is taking more business, finance, market, IT Regal enjoy successful and enjoy the wealth.
Throughout the IT Rich List, more than half of the wealthy from the Internet, it seems the world are not afraid of change.
the past two years with the Forbes rich list top ranked women on the list are the opposite, though the Internet industry, the employment rate of women is much higher than men, the Internet is indeed one of the few female billionaires, female or can not afford to support Internet Half the Sky.
started to manufacture from Taiwan IT manufacturers are generally wealthy, as the world's largest IT manufacturing base, China's IT rich Internet occupies most of the country, can not say it is not the sorrow of the Chinese IT manufacturers, although the mobile phone design, integration circuit may have more companies in the NASDAQ market, IT is indeed rich in rare they figure, it appears that in addition to the Internet and other IT industry still need to refuel.
Until the eighteenth place ranking Liu Changle, Hoogewerf IT Rich List is not even one of more than 45 years old, the rich in all fifty more than 50 years of age was only eight people,cheap UGG boots, I believe this is the richest in other industries are difficult to see.
and Liu, Zhang, Wang Xuan, Ren are different, the older generation is based on state-owned enterprise managers to achieve their aspirations , IT Regal is taking more business, finance, market, IT Regal enjoy successful and enjoy the wealth.
Throughout the IT Rich List, more than half of the wealthy from the Internet, it seems the world are not afraid of change.
the past two years with the Forbes rich list top ranked women on the list are the opposite, though the Internet industry, the employment rate of women is much higher than men, the Internet is indeed one of the few female billionaires, female or can not afford to support Internet Half the Sky.
started to manufacture from Taiwan IT manufacturers are generally wealthy, as the world's largest IT manufacturing base, China's IT rich Internet occupies most of the country, can not say it is not the sorrow of the Chinese IT manufacturers, although the mobile phone design, integration circuit may have more companies in the NASDAQ market, IT is indeed rich in rare they figure, it appears that in addition to the Internet and other IT industry still need to refuel.
Monday, December 13, 2010
12 Constellation ----- When you love him & her (very accurate)
Male version of
Aries (3/21-4/20)
Aries If you love him,UGG shoes, then! The facts in before he fell in love with you, please do not take the initiative to favor, he said. because for him, the most interesting things than the He likes to observe what kind of dress, match up, so that he could not help the eye stay in your body. let him think you a good impression on him some, but do not let him so confident that you are all dressed up for him, you There should be a little bit of arrogance! of course, not too cold, Aries will not like Jiaxian girls, how many more play to their advantages. Aries men are inner child, I hope he's all the advantages of a woman set to who like the comparison function more like a toy. Most of the Aries man will be his girlfriend or wife is proud of the achievements! If you are in front of others first, and only in front of him retreat to the second, then You are the perfect woman in his heart Hello! you might think he is very selfish, not for your sake, but he was never thought, because he was not born to the heart of silk fine people. not the Cold War with the Aries man, this is not him mad, that is, forcing him to run, not only can not solve the problem, nor do you no good. Do not be afraid to spoil your Aries man, you more tolerant of him, the more he can not do without you. Indeed, his personality is very selfish, but if he put you included in the scope of his selfishness, that you really blessed Hello!
Taurus Taurus (4 / 21 ~ 5 / 21)
true when the Taurus Taurus man The fancy a girl, he would observe for a long time, and then decide whether or not to pursue. Taurus Taurus man is very romantic way to give girls a sense of security, such as a shoulder to lean on, I feel warm and comfortable. to remember yo! Taurus Taurus men do not like a talk, act and opening up the woman he wants is a wife and mother of a woman can do. particularly in the face of his friend, not necessary, as little as possible open, dignified sitting next to him, then, He would be happy to take you to attend social occasions. When he proposed to you, he's certainly done everything to prepare, usually Taurus Taurus man will let you into the wedding hall is very reassuring. married, not to dream, and downtown emotions, please spend time preparing for him a warm and comfortable home Hello! he will not let you be a Huanglian Po, he will try to give you the best living conditions, but, when he is busy all day, not in his chattering endlessly in front of noisy. For Taurus Taurus men, love and marriage are two distinct phases, a clear understanding of this point you have to do!
Gemini Gemini (5 / 22 ~ 6 / 21)
not Gemini Gemini does not recognize the man really is too cute! with him was fun! However, if you are a very possessive woman, and advise you to forget it as early as possible! or mad he is just a matter of it! If you seek is a sense of security, you are really quite sad! But, Gemini Gemini men have a characteristic,cheap UGG boots, when he really fell in love, he would do strange things to hide his true, get with your loss. you should be changing his habits and appreciate, to share his new idea for each to ensure that you are trying to live with colorful too! Do not put all the thoughts on him, so he will feel pressure great, but you will also be very painful it! married to a Gemini Gemini man can enjoy the love and freedom, be very happy you do!
Cancer Cancer (6 / 22 ~ 7 / 22)
Cancer Cancer of the man must be gentle and sensitive souls of the heart. His emotions are too vulnerable to outside influences, to fully understand what he is not an easy thing. to protect themselves, the instinct of Cancer is a Cancer. He rarely makes you know too much about him, he instinctively protect their vulnerable sensitive heart, and you give him a lot of sense of security. Most of the Cancer Cancer men are shy, they are afraid of being rejected. If you really like him, might Give him a clear hint (to be really obvious!! otherwise shy Cancer Cancer men still feel that not sure!) When your relationship progressed to a stage, he will be more upset, he will test you again and again in the end also love him, he wants you to keep the proof. When you odds, the cry or whine is a better way, you can immediately reconciliation Hello! and often win without fighting it! do not a face of fierce he was yelling, so that damage is often more serious than the original, he will think you do not respect him, do not love him! the most important thing! Do not casually throw his old stuff, of nostalgia for them, a book or an old broken watch, it was his priceless too! remembers all to enjoy but also get rid of his habit, for this you should happy for him because of nostalgia, you are also The more valuable the older it! always remember the 3 points --- as long as love him, coax him, worship him, in particular, to do not know your feelings for him before, but also was afraid of taking action. You do not take the initiative to pursue, and that could scare him, and Leo men usually do not like passive, you may wish to reveal the words of his worship. Some of his best arrogant woman temperament, but it has succumbed to his charms, became his most loyal servant. Love Leo is a very generous man, just wait for them with flowers and gifts surround you, you friends will envy to death too! Do not ogle other men of his jealous is really scary too! you can be prepared for it! he will not necessarily lock you in the home, but you'd better dedication and not too heavy, at least let him feel that he is still in your heart the most important. remember yo! love and worship is something essential in his life, you have to do endless supply!
Virgo Virgo (8 / 24 ~ 9 / 22)
If you love a Virgo Virgo man, please do not expect the feeling of romantic passion, and was a Virgo Virgo man is not too practical! It and does not mean he does not know how to must first make him like you have the condition, and then slowly develop feelings of love. For him, a beautiful mind a beautiful appearance than the more important. He may make you wait a long time, but when he once found you, he will be very clearly expressed his feelings for you and future plans. Virgo Virgo men do not like the performance of Cu Tanzi, but loyal to him, it is 100% important. As the wife of a man Virgo Virgo of you, best not to wander outside the middle of the night yo! it for him, too disrespectful of it!
Libra Libra (9 / 23 ~ 10/23)
all the beautiful things he likes you but do not like a old lady in front of him read La winded long-winded non-stop, he may therefore leaves you. All literary romance film of love, Libra Libra man would do everything evil. Libra Libra is a man easy to spoil a woman and then the really spoiled her and told her --- you too bad! you may feel outrage, but he felt he was just looking for ways to balance yourself over nothing more! Libra Libra man always hesitant when making decisions, especially in the emotional aspect. As he is a master of love, naturally a lot of girls like him, so also the high probability of having an affair many Hello! I am sorry he is afraid of people, so he initiative that leave you, really is a bit difficult, wait until the last, or do you usually say break it! Very often, he needs you with a firm attitude, tell him your decision, then things get, guarantee you he grateful for it!
Aries (3/21-4/20)
Aries If you love him,UGG shoes, then! The facts in before he fell in love with you, please do not take the initiative to favor, he said. because for him, the most interesting things than the He likes to observe what kind of dress, match up, so that he could not help the eye stay in your body. let him think you a good impression on him some, but do not let him so confident that you are all dressed up for him, you There should be a little bit of arrogance! of course, not too cold, Aries will not like Jiaxian girls, how many more play to their advantages. Aries men are inner child, I hope he's all the advantages of a woman set to who like the comparison function more like a toy. Most of the Aries man will be his girlfriend or wife is proud of the achievements! If you are in front of others first, and only in front of him retreat to the second, then You are the perfect woman in his heart Hello! you might think he is very selfish, not for your sake, but he was never thought, because he was not born to the heart of silk fine people. not the Cold War with the Aries man, this is not him mad, that is, forcing him to run, not only can not solve the problem, nor do you no good. Do not be afraid to spoil your Aries man, you more tolerant of him, the more he can not do without you. Indeed, his personality is very selfish, but if he put you included in the scope of his selfishness, that you really blessed Hello!
Taurus Taurus (4 / 21 ~ 5 / 21)
true when the Taurus Taurus man The fancy a girl, he would observe for a long time, and then decide whether or not to pursue. Taurus Taurus man is very romantic way to give girls a sense of security, such as a shoulder to lean on, I feel warm and comfortable. to remember yo! Taurus Taurus men do not like a talk, act and opening up the woman he wants is a wife and mother of a woman can do. particularly in the face of his friend, not necessary, as little as possible open, dignified sitting next to him, then, He would be happy to take you to attend social occasions. When he proposed to you, he's certainly done everything to prepare, usually Taurus Taurus man will let you into the wedding hall is very reassuring. married, not to dream, and downtown emotions, please spend time preparing for him a warm and comfortable home Hello! he will not let you be a Huanglian Po, he will try to give you the best living conditions, but, when he is busy all day, not in his chattering endlessly in front of noisy. For Taurus Taurus men, love and marriage are two distinct phases, a clear understanding of this point you have to do!
Gemini Gemini (5 / 22 ~ 6 / 21)
not Gemini Gemini does not recognize the man really is too cute! with him was fun! However, if you are a very possessive woman, and advise you to forget it as early as possible! or mad he is just a matter of it! If you seek is a sense of security, you are really quite sad! But, Gemini Gemini men have a characteristic,cheap UGG boots, when he really fell in love, he would do strange things to hide his true, get with your loss. you should be changing his habits and appreciate, to share his new idea for each to ensure that you are trying to live with colorful too! Do not put all the thoughts on him, so he will feel pressure great, but you will also be very painful it! married to a Gemini Gemini man can enjoy the love and freedom, be very happy you do!
Cancer Cancer (6 / 22 ~ 7 / 22)
Cancer Cancer of the man must be gentle and sensitive souls of the heart. His emotions are too vulnerable to outside influences, to fully understand what he is not an easy thing. to protect themselves, the instinct of Cancer is a Cancer. He rarely makes you know too much about him, he instinctively protect their vulnerable sensitive heart, and you give him a lot of sense of security. Most of the Cancer Cancer men are shy, they are afraid of being rejected. If you really like him, might Give him a clear hint (to be really obvious!! otherwise shy Cancer Cancer men still feel that not sure!) When your relationship progressed to a stage, he will be more upset, he will test you again and again in the end also love him, he wants you to keep the proof. When you odds, the cry or whine is a better way, you can immediately reconciliation Hello! and often win without fighting it! do not a face of fierce he was yelling, so that damage is often more serious than the original, he will think you do not respect him, do not love him! the most important thing! Do not casually throw his old stuff, of nostalgia for them, a book or an old broken watch, it was his priceless too! remembers all to enjoy but also get rid of his habit, for this you should happy for him because of nostalgia, you are also The more valuable the older it! always remember the 3 points --- as long as love him, coax him, worship him, in particular, to do not know your feelings for him before, but also was afraid of taking action. You do not take the initiative to pursue, and that could scare him, and Leo men usually do not like passive, you may wish to reveal the words of his worship. Some of his best arrogant woman temperament, but it has succumbed to his charms, became his most loyal servant. Love Leo is a very generous man, just wait for them with flowers and gifts surround you, you friends will envy to death too! Do not ogle other men of his jealous is really scary too! you can be prepared for it! he will not necessarily lock you in the home, but you'd better dedication and not too heavy, at least let him feel that he is still in your heart the most important. remember yo! love and worship is something essential in his life, you have to do endless supply!
Virgo Virgo (8 / 24 ~ 9 / 22)
If you love a Virgo Virgo man, please do not expect the feeling of romantic passion, and was a Virgo Virgo man is not too practical! It and does not mean he does not know how to must first make him like you have the condition, and then slowly develop feelings of love. For him, a beautiful mind a beautiful appearance than the more important. He may make you wait a long time, but when he once found you, he will be very clearly expressed his feelings for you and future plans. Virgo Virgo men do not like the performance of Cu Tanzi, but loyal to him, it is 100% important. As the wife of a man Virgo Virgo of you, best not to wander outside the middle of the night yo! it for him, too disrespectful of it!
Libra Libra (9 / 23 ~ 10/23)
all the beautiful things he likes you but do not like a old lady in front of him read La winded long-winded non-stop, he may therefore leaves you. All literary romance film of love, Libra Libra man would do everything evil. Libra Libra is a man easy to spoil a woman and then the really spoiled her and told her --- you too bad! you may feel outrage, but he felt he was just looking for ways to balance yourself over nothing more! Libra Libra man always hesitant when making decisions, especially in the emotional aspect. As he is a master of love, naturally a lot of girls like him, so also the high probability of having an affair many Hello! I am sorry he is afraid of people, so he initiative that leave you, really is a bit difficult, wait until the last, or do you usually say break it! Very often, he needs you with a firm attitude, tell him your decision, then things get, guarantee you he grateful for it!
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