Then a bad cold, it will be OK

 Then a bad cold, it will be OK!!
as long as we do as I wrote the following, whether children, adults or the elderly cold, do not need to eat any of the drugs, can quickly cure a cold.
just have some cold symptoms, such as a physical feeling of cold or headache, dizziness, heavy head or the body's fatigue and pain, or the total flow of water nose, or throat pain would have been timely manner.
soon as possible from the common cold virus that causes Western virus, the virus has no cure, so you do not have to think about using medication to solve, the best and most effective is to drink a lot of warm water a day, drink several cups of warm water, the toilet a few times more, is the most effective way to discharge the virus. Such as sore throat was a little in warm water can add a little salt, a touch of warm salt water to drink that can quickly relieve throat pain.
1, discharged as soon as the incentive for a cold cold cold, cold hands and feet of the situation as long as there is definitely a cold, cold air is discharged as soon as the key to a cold. Cong Jiangsuan diet is ranked in the cold the best food, and some people like to use a few slices of ginger, add a pinch of brown sugar to boil water to drink cold, some people like to boil water to drink with a few onions sweat to cold, when cold and cough, in the brown sugar, ginger, garlic and boiled with water, add Jiban, drink can Quhan, only cough. In short, whether by Cong Jiangsuan Quhan, or eat a meal blazing hot Quhan, can increase the body heat quickly, so that the pores open, sweat excreted through the cold. There is also a way
feet with warm water and cold sweat row, the effect is equally good, by the severe cold, sipping ginger and brown sugar to water, while their feet, we must drums bubble and easier to sweat. Qing Ai can take 1 / 4, and threw pieces and put into barrels, brewing with boiling water of open, then add warm water foot bath, bubble to the body sweating, then drink warm water, cold as soon discharged.
2, we must ensure that adequate sleep and rest as long as there is a flu-like symptoms, and must be timely rest, which is to reduce illness, allowing the body to restore the key. General After a lot of water, drink Cong Jiangsuan warm water several times, and then sweating Quhan feet after the break as soon as possible, the next day will be able to recover the body of basic.
3, after a cold aching muscles and how to do? alpine
aching muscles that the body weight, be sure to drink a few ginger, brown sugar water, ginger can put more. Once put 6 to 8 pieces can.
4, after a cold fever how to do?
cold hands and feet to look after the heat of the temperature. Although the body temperature has exceeded the normal body temperature, but it is still cold hands and feet, indicating the body's cold is still heavy, still need to drink water, brown sugar, ginger, fever combined with 1 to 2 onions cook, help sweating. If the temperature high, cold hands and feet are no longer made, this time to stop to drink a lot of ground ginger and water to drink warm water. General fever in the night, many people do not like to drink water at night, afraid of urine, affects sleep, as long as fever, do not control the day or night, you must drink plenty of water, which is rapid cooling, rapid discharge of the most effective virus methods. When you are feeling hot, several cups of warm water to drink down, and then the urine a few times can obviously feel the body sweat easily, as long as a sweating, body temperature can be quickly reduced to normal. Then pay attention to rest, quilt cover, to prevent the cold.
5, the day after a cold treatment is critical.
general after the previous day's emergency Quhan, sweating, polyuria approach, the basic body the next day will be able to return to normal, but the body weaker, the day of the treatment is very important, related to the whether the rebound problem. First look at the tongue, if the tongue is still white, brown sugar, ginger, and then again the day of consolidating the water, while still drink plenty of warm water. Second, the diet is the key, the day light-based diet, you can eat eggs, pork and all kinds of levels of vegetables, not fish, shrimp and other food lit, do not eat yams and other food tonic , after eating these foods, especially children, will be hot. Third, this day of rest is also very important, do not be too tired. If you feel the next day the body was
fatigue, weakness, can eat eel, tonic without lit, then the eel can only burn or spoil the broth stewed eel Do not add spring onion, ginger, garlic, put only a small amount of seasoning on it. Adults can eat angelica powder, twice a day, a half a teaspoon or the amount of slightly more than usual, will soon resume physical strength.
cough enemies
; ; ;
the treatment of cough remedies
51 Recently, the temperature cough and cold more easily change, now share with you this side, better look out the body, not cold!
1. Cough and cold radish radish a light blue, light blue 6, ginger 15 grams. Water first three bowls of cooked carrots, add light blue, ginger, cook a bowl of soup left. Even the residue once served. Xuanfei solution form, Huatanzhike. governing the treatment of cough, phlegm bubble, with chills, body aches and so tired.
2. Brown sugar, brown sugar, ginger KM governance cold cough 30 grams, 15 grams of fresh ginger, red dates, 30 grams. Jianzhi more than half of three bowls with water. Dayton clothing, after serving a slightly sweated Jiyu. dispels wind and cold. governance cold cough, cold stomach irritation, diarrhea, post-natal exposure to cold, overcast and so evil.
3. Coriander Coriander soup flat colds and coughs (coriander) 30 grams, 30 grams of caramel, rice 100 grams. Put the rice wash, add boiling soup. To take the three major rice soup spoon and parsley, caramel steam for 10 minutes after mixing. hot one service, attention to shelter from the wind cold. fat Hantou table. cough caused by cold treatment.
4. Governing the treatment of cough honey white radish 1 large white radish, 30 grams of honey, white pepper, 5, 2 grams of ephedrine. Wash the radish, sliced, into the bowl , into the honey and white pepper, ephedra, etc. were steamed for half an hour while it is hot Dayton clothing, bed see Khan Jiyu.
sweating and cold, cough and phlegm. governing the treatment of cough.
5. Honey lamb cooked cream rule Consumption cough Feiwei suet 250 grams, 250 grams of cooked sheep marrow, 250 grams of white sand honey, ginger juice 100 ml, 500 ml of juice rehmannia.
suet fried, so boiling; times to sheep myeloid and let boil; times to honey, to yellow, ginger juice, do not stop stirring, the number of micro Huoao boiling into a paste. 1 day of fasting tone warm wine key, or do or do porridge fresh ginger can be.
tonic lungs, expelling wind of the drug. governance deficiency fever, Gu Zheng labor hot, Consumption thin, coughing Feiwei , and lungs and soothing effect.
6. Fresh pears Fritillaria cough lung abscess
500 grams of fresh pear, Mother of Pearl last 6 grams, sugar 30 grams.
Profile peeled pears open, go nuclear, and sugar to fill the late mother of pearl, taken together on the bowl steamed. sooner or later, eating.
phlegm, relieves congestion of the table. with a cough or lung abscess, Zheng Jian chest pain, chills, cough, fever, dry mouth, throat, sputum, or pus yellow sputum and other fishy.
7. Yinma whey milk heat Cough
300 ml of fresh horses, sugar amount.
Horse milk boil; drink when you add sugar.
According to reports, horse milk, role of adjuvant therapy.
8. Rock sugar bird's nest bird's nest soup governance lung deficiency Cough
10 grams, 100 grams of rice, 50 grams of crystal sugar.
To put warm nest macerated, put off the dirt nap, and then continue to go up, into the water bowl. take fine clean after washing rice into the pot, add water to San Taiwan, stir to boil, switch to gentle boiling. will be hard for a good clean bird's nest into the pot and boil the rice with about 1 hour, add crystal sugar dissolves Serve.
Ziyin lungs, cough and phlegm. cough and cough and asthma of lung deficiency type injury treatment Yin.
9. Yin Yang Lei large bird's nest bird's nest 5 grams (water immersion), bretschneideri 2, 10 grams of Fritillaria, 5 grams of crystal sugar. Bretschneideri dredged core, the pears with the release of other shamisen , cover bowl tightly enclosed place, ranch cooked. take.
Yin dryness, cough and phlegm. Governance years phlegm cough, shortness of breath and fatigue.
; 10. Cough expectorant saliva radish pepper 1 carrot, white pepper, 5, 3 slices of ginger, tangerine peel 1. Add water were boiled for 30 minutes. At Yin Tang 2 times. under the gas Phlegm. cough, sputum.
11. Cough phlegm lungs rather drink soy milk soy beans, sugar. Grinding soaked soy sauce, sugar to drink after boiling. Every morning empty stomach to drink a bowl. ; spleen width, the moistening water pinch; lung to relieve cough, phlegm. rickets treatment plot thin, Hyperactivity cough.
12. Cough and phlegm and asthma tofu sugar 500 grams of tofu, brown sugar, 100 grams of sugar. The tofu pot were dug, into the red, white sugar, into the bowl every 30 minutes in boiling water. once finished, even the service 4 times. heat, fluid, moistening. cough Tan Chuan.
13. Corn Corn Orange cough, the amount of orange peel. Total add water to cook, served on the 2nd. Cough of sputum. governing the treatment of cough, phlegm.




14. Lung cough radish radish soup
1, lung 1, 15 grams of almonds. Gong Zhu water for 1 hour. Meat Yin Tang. Qing
; heat phlegm, cough and asthma. rule more than chronic cough, sputum shortness of breath.
15.
Cough syrup tonic red eggs 50 grams sugar, 1 egg, fresh ginger amount.
First eggs into the bowl, stir well. sugar bowl of boiled water, hot red eggs, mix, then pour has been twisted to take the ginger, and mix thoroughly. 1 a day morning and at night.
fill wasting. governance Cough.
16. Night cough
sesame Bingtang Shui rule 15 grams of raw sesame seeds, sugar 10 grams.
Were put sesame and sugar bowl, water brewed into tea. < br> lungs, fluid. governance is more than the night cough, cough without sputum.
Note: sesame one, ginger 50 grams, were smashed Zhuzhi services also the effect.
17. Sesame oil fried goat liver governance Jiusou
Yanggan 60 grams, 30 grams of sesame oil, salt a little.
The goat liver slices, sesame oil into the pot to Bacheng hot, and salt and stir fry Serve under the goat liver.
lungs and cough. governance is more than cough.
18. Steamed Pear Honey Pear governance cough and throat
a large, 50 grams of honey.
First nuclear Pear dredged, filled honey into the heating steamed. day sooner or later eat a, ate a few days.
fluid dryness, cough and phlegm. Dryness of chronic cough and throat treatment deficiency, dysphoria hot.
19. Dry cough, night sweats treatment bird's nest bird's nest fungus 10 grams, 15 grams of white fungus, crystal sugar.
Will nest again be measured with water, then add hot water immersion 3-4 hours, and then choose to go soft, then add hot water soak 1 hour and serve. tureen with canopic jars or poured into a bird's nest, white fungus, rock sugar, ranch cooked. take.
; fill wasting, Yang Yin, back and Hot. governance dry cough, night sweats, or other lung yin deficiency.
20. Raw yam yam porridge spleen Yifei 30 grams, a little sugar. The yam rolled fine sieve, transferred to cold water, and cook while stirring, boil Serve two or three, add a little white sugar. Services food. Spleen diarrhea, kidney photo collection. governance injured workers and asthma, spleen, diarrhea, and all the frail wasting disease. 21. Chop candied yam yam governance lung deficiency Cough 1000 grams, 10 dates, suet D 100 grams, 350 grams of sugar, sweet-scented osmanthus sauce. Wet starch. Shuzhu little. (1) yam washed into the pot, add water flooded for the degree of yam, stir cook until the yams when picked up more rotten, peeled, 6 cm long knife Generative .3 cm wide rectangular . shoot flat. dates to the nuclear stand-minute halves. (2) coated lard in a large bowl, bowl rafts rafts and then a layer of candied yams, clip a layer sugar, suet D, layer by layer to the sized release, sprinkle with sugar, fasten cover plate, cage steam about 1 hour, then remove, turn over into the tray. (3) wok fire, filter the broth into the pan, put water 100 grams, 150 grams of sugar and a little sweet-scented osmanthus sauce boiling water hook less starch, yam pot poured on top. kidney and lungs. governance lung deficiency Cough, Spleen diarrhea, Shenpi body tired, weakness, long food kidney physical.
22. Decoction pork almond itchy throat cough, 50 grams of lean pork, almond 10 grams, 15 grams littoralis. A total of boiling soup to drink. Served on the 2nd . Qingfei, phlegm, fluid. cough with little phlegm, thirst, dry throat, pharyngeal itching.
23. Cough and phlegm peanut peanut soup honey jujube, jujube, honey, 30 grams each. Water were fried very bad. Decoction, served on the 2nd. ; Zhisou phlegm. with cough, phlegm (body weight loss, bowel, Sternocostal support full, dizziness shortness of breath.
24. Peanut Ginseng cough with little phlegm sand peanuts, gingko nuts, lily, North Adenophora each 25 grams of crystal sugar. water fried juice, add sugar. Day 1. lungs and phlegm. rule less long expectoration, shortness of breath and throat.
25. Polygonatum sugar cough and asthma ; Huang Jing (Chinese herbal medicine) 30 grams, 50 grams of crystal sugar.
will Polygonatum washed with cold water, foam, set the casserole, then add rock sugar, add water amount. to buy pot on the stove to high heat boiling, then boil the mixture gently simmer until the date of Polygonatum overripe. 2 times a day, eat Huang Jing Yin Tang.
lung, Lipi, Yijing. Dryness of lung deficiency with treatment of cough, dry cough without phlegm, spit slightly negative, eat less dry mouth, such as kidney essence deficiency.
26. co Sydney Tang Yin and lungs and 25 grams of lily, large Sydney 1, 20 grams of crystal sugar. Lily soaked with water overnight, the next day with clean water into the casserole with the Lily , plus more than half a bowl of water, cook for 1 ½ hours until the lily has been bad, add a block of Peel for Sydney and rock sugar, cook for 30 minutes Serve. Ziyin Run lung, heart Zhisou Ning. lung deficiency who eat cough, lung and stomach ordinary people the power consumption is also beneficial.
27. Tremella duck Yin Qing Fei Tang Tremella 15, 25 grams of crystal sugar, duck one. white fungus with rock sugar Gong Zhu, duck into the boiling water. daily for 2 . Ziyin lung, thirst fluid. rule of cough, sputum Yin Feizao less thirsty throat embolism.
28. Zhu Li Zhu Li Zhou Gong in phlegm 30 grams, 100 grams of rice. boiled rice to make porridge, cooked into Zhu Li Pro , stir well. any food. heat, Phlegm, Anticonvulsant. Tanhuo wind-heat treatment, Hyperactivity cough, phlegm, yellow.
; 29. ​​Mangosteen Mangosteen Hyperactivity Tang Qing half a persimmon, persimmon 3, 30 grams of crystal sugar. Add water bowls semi-Gong Zhu to a bowl and a half, and then under the rock sugar to residue 3 .1 talent finished drinking. Qingfei heat, to pyrophlegm, only the cough. Tanhuo of infant whooping cough and cough embolism.
; 30. Bingtang Shui rule Hyperactivity cough fig fig 30 grams, crystal sugar. the fig wash net, add water and rock sugar Gong Zhu. day 1, and even clothes for 3-5 days to be received markedly. expectorant qi, lungs cough, detoxification intestines. governance Hyperactivity cough, hoarseness, throat sore throat, constipation , hemorrhoids and bleeding.

31. sugarcane juice Zhifei Xure cough sugar cane juice, carrot juice, half a cup each, 100 grams of lily. Lily first boiled, and then get into the two juice. bedtime take, day 1. lungs cough, raw body fluid, Ning Anshen. Governance Xure cough, bronchitis and those of weak after the illness is best.
32. Naitang swelling pot fish cough a live carp, ham pieces, bamboo shoots, mushroom pieces, onion, ginger, cooking wine, salt, vinegar, , remove the internal organs, rinse clean, cut into tile shapes, and green onions, ginger oil Chao Shao Dianfan put together a few, add wine, salt and other spices. and then adding , mushroom pieces and so on, about 3 minutes stew poured into the pot and serve. serve liquor will be lit under the pot boil, accompanied by ginger, vinegar consumption. cough swelling, nourishing the physical. for cough, asthma, fullness in the chest in patients taking. 33. long food fried peanuts refreshment or cooked peanuts 60. a day to eat, stop, cure After the disabled. lungs, phlegm. governance chronic bronchitis. Note: There are Wu Shi virtual fire real fever.
34. buckwheat noodles egg cough disturbed, the amount of egg. buckwheat noodles with egg white into the group. hard rubbed the chest several times a day, effective. ; heat under the gas. with a chest full of governance abdominal distension, cough, anxiety.
35. lily tired of honey cough treatment Hyperactivity ; New Lily 200 grams, honey appropriate. steamed with honey bar soft lily. always with one, swallow liquid take. Qingfei Sleep. obstruct the lungs by heat treatment, depressed cough.
36. torch fire coke cough Tansheng governance rice rice sugar sugar, torch fire focus (ie, greasy old pine, split into lit into thin strips coke ash) the right amount. torch burning coke survived better. even as coke with sugar eaten, ate 3-4 days Jiyu. lungs only cough, phlegm and asthma. rule Cough, phlegm and shortness of breath.
37. Jianhua Tang phlegm just gas pain ; Jianhua 2 soup or when the tea. line gas pain, cough and phlegm. with cough, phlegm and so on. Note: Jianhua, a cactus flower climbers King flowers, prolific in the south. Every year from May to October, the opening large white flowers, each flower for a long oak and more, pick cut and dried, is an excellent vegetable, sweet and delicious soup.
38. Autumn 20 Qiu Li Gao cough and phlegm, dates 1,000 grams, 1,500 grams of lotus root, fresh ginger 300 grams, 400 grams of rock sugar , 400 grams of honey, honey appropriate. first pear, jujube, lotus root, ginger, smashed juice, heating Aogao, under the rock sugar dissolves, then close the honey. may be taken morning and evening free. Qingfei Reduce Pathogenic Fire, refreshment, and moistening fluid, Chufan thirst, dissipate alcohol poisoning, illnesses and self-cultivation. with rule Consumption cough, dry mouth Jin loss, thirst, and alcoholism and other virtual trouble
39 . Yifei cough bird's nest bird's nest Ginseng 5 grams, 5 grams of American ginseng. first nest soaked with water, put off the feather debris, wash, dry to water vapor, into the candle cup together with the American ginseng, the injection of Bacheng full of boiling water, cover, ranch more than 3 hours. drink. Runzao Yin Yang, Jiang Huo Qi. with Governance lung and stomach yin deficiency caused the cough, hemoptysis, hot flashes, sweating, cough and asthma in patients with cardiovascular disease is more desirable.
40. candied orange peel orange peel cough and phlegm, the amount of sugar. Fresh Wu skin or dry out the skin soft foam amount, washed, cut wire, into the aluminum pan, add about half the weight of a barrel of sugar skin, add water or for the degree of skin over a barrel, the fire to boil, then cook over medium low heat to dry, it will be dishing out on the leather bucket tray, to be cold, and then withdraw into the leather bucket about half the weight of sugar, mix well. food.
lungs, dampness, phlegm, fluid. phlegmatic cough, etc..
; 41. candied grapefruit pumping of fresh meat and asthma phlegm
meat 500 grams, 250 grams of honey, liquor amount.
; would draw the meat to the core, cut, placed in bottles, pour white wine, seal Baptist bored one night, then poured into the aluminum pan in the remaining liquid will boil dry, add honey, mix well Serve. leave to cool , reserve bottling.
lungs, cough, phlegm. cough cough, etc. Tansheng or older.
42. preserves double Kidney Yifei Ren 250 grams of sweet almond, walnut, 250 grams, 500 grams of honey. first sweet almond stir-fry until yellow (not coke), on the aluminum 1 hour pot boil, then lower walnut sauce will Griddle, add honey, mix well, then boil Serve. 3 grams per serving, served on the 2nd. lungs kidney. regular consumption, lung and kidney deficiency can be cured of chronic cough, asthma and other long time.
43. lard, cream honey tonic lungs ; lard 100 grams, 100 grams of honey. flavor of the two were boiling over low heat to boiling, the cease-fire air temperature, were mixed and mix thoroughly Serve. each one spoon, served on the 2nd.
lungs cough, tonic. rule Feizao cough.
44. Antitussive Cough large garlic Purple garlic 1. garlic, peeled, pounded mud. every night before bed after washing feet, spreads at the two foot Yongquan (foot must be coated with Vaseline), top cover a layer of gauze, Zuxin have thrown off when strong irritation. If no foot discomfort, can even apply 3-5 times.
detoxification, cough. by cold treatment cough, dry cough and whooping cough in children.

45. faba bean flowers flowers Bingtang Shui rule 9 grams of hemoptysis, crystal sugar. total water fried. day service 2 or 3 times. a convergence effect. treatment of hemoptysis.
46. Ipomoea Ge blood Governance white radish juice ; water spinach (urn vegetables, water spinach) whole trees with root 2, 1 turnip, honey appropriate. Wash spinach and radish, were smashed Jiaozhi cup. with honey transfer service. Hyperactivity caused by treatment of hemoptysis.
47. honey soup Phlegm blood in one hundred 20 grams of honey, a hundred Department 25 grams, 20 grams of white hair, 25 grams of melon wilt. first decoction on the shamisen, to slag juice, stir well and then transferred to honey, 1 day, 2 times service . lungs cough, clearing away heat to stop bleeding. Phlegm in the blood and pulmonary tuberculosis with cough.
48. sour pomegranate pulmonary tuberculosis cough Asthma acid pomegranate (sweet null and void) 3 grams. will remove garnet, broken, twisted whichever juice. every night before last dose, or chewing garnet pharyngeal fluid. pomegranate juice a small drug, not too much to drink. heat convergence of the lung. with pulmonary tuberculosis cough, at night, and chronic bronchitis.
49. white radish turnip sub-sub-Phlegm (food shelter a) raw and cooked 15 grams, 9 grams of raw He stone at the end. First mashed turnip soup to a bowl of children, service delivery Health Hz stone fine, half an hour later, and then this side 1. negatively phlegm. with rule phlegm coagulation disorder . According to> introduce a young prime number phlegm, spit upon by exogenous condensation in Shangwan, stop eating no less than the diaphragm. use this side later, that feeling Shangwan Dayton open, you can eat or drink. Note: According to reports, one child with a decoction of vegetable turnip sputum stop drinking places, powerful and effective. the child into powder and vegetable turnip boiled water, drink water, to refer to explore spit, phlegm, also threw drinking places with Jiantang effect the same. ;
50. Steamed Turtle Yin lungs Fritillaria Fritillaria 5 grams, a soft-shelled turtle (about 500 grams), 1 kg of chicken broth, onion, ginger, pepper, cooking wine, salt and the right amount. the turtle slaughter, to head and internal organs, cut block use. will put steamed turtle basin block, adding mother of pearl, salt, cooking wine, pepper, onion, ginger, 1 small cage steam o'clock. hot to take them. Ziyinqingre, Run lung cough, fever addition to steam. governance deficiency cough, fever, and sweating.
51. expectorant cough fresh ginger mustard mustard 80 grams, 10 grams of fresh ginger, salt a little. the mustard washed, cut into small pieces, ginger slices, add water Siwan fry bowls, seasoning with salt. 2 times a day service, once a 3 effect. declared lung cough, dispelling wind and cold. governing the treatment of cough, nasal congestion with headache, limb pain and other.

; ; 05 pm. Guilin rural nurse gave me a prescription is a bad cough, (she stressed that the more the better long use) as long as eight dollars on it, I and used the edge of friends, very useful, I remember only drink twice a not finished enough. is for everyone!
Mangosteen is a! other units are grams, because it is light!

Mangosteen a Houttuynia 50 g Rhizoma Imperatae 15 grams 15 grams basil stems 15 grams 50 grams of Cortex Mori lily wild chrysanthemum licorice 15 g 15 g 15 g Radix

boiled Chinese

; boil medicine is that, three bowls of water, a bowl of boiled water, one of which is electricity, electricity is generally automated and more convenient. If it is used gas to burn, then just beginning with the raging fire, water, turn the small open fire, to control the time like, and do not know could turn out to see whether it remains almost a bowl of water on it, if the water more than to continue cook.

Featured uniform right to change the system of high prices of contemporary China

Wu Jiandong: unified power will change the system of contemporary China
Mr Cao high prices by: my friend Mr. Wu Jiandong has a profound agrarian reform the system point of view, he made between urban and rural areas s in my 2002 book abolition of land system and land use rights such as bidding, auction and irrational system. However, the views of Mr. Wu Jiandong more direct, concise, the people, the building has a strong meaning. this particular recommendation, and resolve social conflicts have become increasingly prominent and realize the harmonious development of economic and social.
if the Chinese urban housing market as an investment market, there should be wins or loses; a Game a hedge; the prosperity of the crisis. walk back and forth in this sense if realize that, at present more than 110 million square meters of housing in urban areas of housing resources, theoretical market value estimated at between 50-60 trillion yuan, of which more than two years has risen nearly 20 trillion yuan in market value of about; almost more than a year increase of about 10 market value of more than one trillion yuan, a year of urban real estate market value of assets created by the equivalent of state-owned enterprises under SASAC accumulated over the years to form 50 to 16 trillion yuan assets as a whole, this is definitely a full the myth of water! It also reflects: the expected return on housing assets in China has been transformed to current price and current price system, which resulted in the instability of housing assets in China and the Government should undertake a wide range of housing construction of social responsibility. To solve this dilemma overall , now appears uniform should be the top priority right strategic choice.
a contemporary system of high prices in China's history of institutional factors way
1. lifeblood of China's housing reform deficiency
1986 I was at the State Department Housing Reform Office in the drafting Chinese people over the age of the city was the basic living environment. At that time the program after a heated discussion is 200 yuan per square meter sold to individuals, the commercialization of reform, to sell 20 billion is 400 billion, and later adjusted to 400 enterprises remain part of the left part of the local, the central government to part of the money has two purposes, one for new home construction, a cause for other reforms. In retrospect, after 20 years of development, each house has square meters of 200, rose to a two million level, very great changes in the world.
However, the commercialization of housing assets in China is still a value system based on commercialization of urban housing can flow, the flow of rural house can not be half of the flow of city housing rights system in China is still incomplete; commercialization of housing assets in China is still a value system based on housing rights and the separation of land ownership, housing prices in China have great instability, it is expected that China's housing income, future earnings into the current prices, price system, forming a huge risk. It also reflects the commodification of housing in 1998 China adopted the reform since the design of a major reform steps are not taken into account the lack of social protection should be used Housing as a supplement; not considered to be close enough for citizens to address the cost price of goods space; failure to make timely arrangements for the commercialization of rural residence continue the reform, the implementation of circulation; no solutions to national and collective construction land use right unity. which were causing the instability of housing assets, and the Government should undertake a wide range of housing construction of social responsibility.
2. individual cities, strengthening an housing investment property housing market likely to make China become the world's largest gaming
In the current housing market deficiencies in the system, the city's total residential real estate from the overall resources of China, a local boom, the local government, developers, property speculation and various stakeholder groups to make housing a scarce goods. China housing both the commodity, financial, social security and other multiple properties, housing finance property reflects the real estate investment market has been transformed into part of residential investment property in some cities has strengthened the Chinese property market to become the world's largest gaming tendency.
wealth system that allows Chinese residents increased vulnerability and instability of the financial assets of commercial and residential market giant has a rare ability and liquidity requirements of transposition, the formation of China's real estate assets have a high degree of accumulation, constitute a financial surplus. driving the current housing price growth in China, but requires four or five trillion dollars of people, but the detonation of the market bubble may need one or two trillion yuan. Shanghai, Shenzhen, Beijing and other cities housing market more highly speculative in nature may be the face of massive price restructuring. If the speculation of the housing corporations and investors to compare the concentration of the transfer of the hedge, it may constitute more than 10 trillion yuan huge liquidity, not only the current 17 trillion yuan of household savings is difficult to complete the balance transfer market transformation. Deadline June 30, 2007 China's broad money balance 37.78 trillion yuan; narrow money balances to 13.58 trillion yuan, this resource not only to China's huge operation production system, but also to carry China's consumption system, even if all the remaining resources, invest in real estate, it will only seven to eight trillion yuan of funds into the market to move up substantially the level of the premium property market in China Town, not only will lead to social great division, but will also create a market of Wenzhou and other hedging speculation group. The Government had housing prices do not guarantee, and no financial resources to try to jack up the dramatic changes in the market.
the famous political scientist John Deutch, and Singh history concluded that: the greatest threat to stability is the lack of selectivity. To promote the appreciation of housing assets, developers are adopting methods to stimulate social and psychological expectations, with changes in market and public opinion led the appreciation of housing prices in major cities, with the influx of construction news the general appreciation of an irreversible psychological truth to counter China's pressure on resources and the transfer, overdraft China's future, so that price appreciation as a control and social expectations to be as to the upward pressure on prices on the price into appreciation expectations, social expectations of news flows and price appreciation traction, which is a disguised form of housing options and appreciation of the mandatory restrictions, accelerated benefits constitute the decisive battle of different social groups more clearly and developers of social pressure. It may promote greater Game of the scale of international investors and the wave of price appreciation in China and the Chinese government gambling. which would limit the selectivity of housing reform in China, the essence of China's economic growth is the stability limit.
3. the housing market structure needs to make a major restructuring and adjustments
For China, the loan is borrowed wealth to buy a house to house price appreciation is expected to increase the proportion of personal loans is the balance of risks, living outside the real estate investment is the economic expected to betting. building rational, buy a house but also innocent, but need to trade justice, not only need to market justice, but also the system fair. If we consider the integration of Chinese urban and rural residential circulation, taking into account the unity of China's urban and rural land use rights may take to residential mobility of goods, then it may have on the existing system, a huge housing price effects of revolutionary subversion, and even destroy the effect.
this transformation may be carried out in five ways, namely, the executive-led carried out; the National People's Congress led to legislation; also possible to test for the leading places, for example Guangdong's rural house market; also possible to carry out market in the form of self-development, for example, house property, agriculture, private house sale, etc. Finally, the social collective bargaining settlement; is also possible by a huge internal market contraction, adjustments of the crisis, Japan, Hong Kong has experienced a tremendous collapse in house prices artificially high.
should be said that China is entering a structure housing market needs to be adjusted major historical transition, this is a historical trend. According to the Ministry of Construction data, we estimated the total amount of urban and rural housing in China in 2006 was 375-380 million square meters approximately, of which the total privatization of housing should be more than 300 billion square meters, urban housing more than 110 million square meters of building area, rural area of ​​265-270 million square meters of residential construction. China has become the world's largest consumer of housing, but is currently limited to the city housing more than 110 million square meters of commercial premises of the flow of the market half an incomplete market, ready to be the impact of China's housing market circulation; it is also a need for a major adjustment of the market benefits of agricultural non-commodity circulation house there is no meters flow of rural housing is not only the commercialization of the housing market in China further in the direction of reform, but also the history of China's economic development opportunities and wealth interests of the adjustment of reasonable choice is left to raise eight hundred million farmers off the right code. Currently the city is extremely high The price is a product of urban and rural two-tier housing system is a planned economy, the reaction when the genetic disease, is the real estate market distortions in the overall pricing system, can not reflect the real value of China's urban and rural housing. tradable rural housing will not only rich farmers, China's housing market will also expand the huge capacity, but also repair deformities of the Chinese real estate price system.
Second, we must change the current land use pattern unreasonable
1. land supply by 40 million mu in 2006 China's an important reason for rising prices
from the existing land requisition system of planned economy, and its success in housing prices should increase when the supply of land in order to stabilize prices, it is the superiority of the land requisition system, or for example, Baoxinjiuhuo. But the supply of land in China in 2006 is precisely the opposite, to which it is a land control if errors is a fatal blow on the land requisition system, which led to the current face of land expropriation system maintenance crisis continued to increase system deconstruction, or even dysfunctional trend; faced with a herd mentality to buy real estate investors to the historical trend, the purchase of real estate is becoming a one-way up the options, earn no pay, costing him find accounts of the game.
2005 under the Ministry of Land and land use change survey results, the year 2005, 648 million mu of land for new construction, of which 150 million mu of new land for urban construction; new village construction land 100 million mu; remaining approximately 400 acres for all types of development zones, park land for construction and new mining transportation, water conservancy and other infrastructure facilities. Since 2005, 150 million mu of new land for urban construction, housing prices in China in 2005, or roughly acceptable for the future is not big overdraft.
However, according to Ministry of Land and land use change in 2006 survey results, the year 2006 new construction land 329,000 ha, ie, 493.5 million acres. which, the new town construction land of 110 mu (7.4 million hectares), the new village construction land, about 45 million mu (30,000 hectares), the new independent industrial and mining land for construction is 219 million mu (14.6 million hectares), the new transportation, water conservancy and other infrastructure nearly 119 million mu of land for construction. and urban areas, compared to 2005 decreased by 40 million mu of construction land; new village construction land decreased by 55 million mu, which since 2006 has a very large price increases of the important reasons . It also illustrates the failure of macro-control of land, on the one hand not granted to resolve the issue of land development and utilization; the one hand and not new construction sites to solve the problem, but also solve the problem of bad mutual housing. To this end 2007 to change China's current model for the land, or to establish higher levels of government regulation, an ad hoc committee to monitor people's congresses at all levels, to disclose all information, consumers can be made public inquiries, late recovery of the national land development firm public notice of land use approval system, so that the whole Chinese people, land use monitoring; or failure to maintain current information of the land pattern, and gradually the natural deconstruction, or to retain such a planned economy, the government arranged land acquisition model is equivalent to set aside the risk of the housing market.
2 . can not land system, the housing problems are attributed to the move, auction problem
2006 under the Ministry of Land and land use change survey results, yuan, an increase of 40.4%, respectively, and 30.5%. including bidding, auction and transfer area 66,500 hectares, selling price of 549.209 billion yuan, up 16.3% and 30.9%. 348.75 mu, including strokes, auction and sell the land area of ​​only 6.6 hectares or 99.75 acres, strokes, auction and sell the land accounting for 28.6% of all transfer of land, do not easily believe that strokes, auction and led to high prices, 70% in 2006 to sell the land is not tender, auction and sale. Therefore, as part of the show in 2007 from more than 50 million mu of land, housing reform through all levels of coordination, co-funded by the people the form of housing to build housing close to cost price, address the urgent needs of the market is absolutely necessary, and it is the only way to solve the redistribution of wealth in China.
2006 年 strokes, auction of the land area of ​​less than 30%, but revenue has reached 549.2 billion, bidding, auction and the proceeds of the local government stimulus is very large; non-move, auction and more than 70% of land, but this part of the revenue was only 218.48 billion, in order to balance the levels of local government needs, cost of housing close to the land transfer can be divided into 10m20 installment payments, so the government can not reduce the actual land transfer revenues into the social security of land space can still be included in the government special budget, do not accept the land transfer fees, but to reserved for those in need in the future of space in back.
three, unified China, land ownership is to solve the housing problems of the fundamental way
1. from the land, the land acquisition paradigm shift to market will combine development and the Government to protect Transition mode
land policy to solve three problems: First, approved the issue of land development and utilization of the period; Second, the issue of new construction sites each year; Third, thoroughly urban and rural land use right unified land use rights issues.
produce a model of this size and solve the housing construction in China is to continue to maintain our city-state now the land of rural collective land and divided the system model. According to this model divided , the local government as the only bearers of the rural land expropriation, requisition, and thus solve the needs of urban construction land, which is a model. There is another idea, but also a great historic opportunity, because the Constitution , land ownership is not moving, only moving the right to use, it can be to urban land use rights and unified rural land use right, which is uniform over the issue, it will lead directly into the market of agricultural land for construction.
According to a 2005 Ministry of Land and land use change survey results consolidated: China now has 18.31 million mu of cultivated land (122,082,700 ha), according to the 2006 survey results of land use change, 121.7759 million hectares of arable land (18.27 mu); other agricultural land 25,541,000 hectares (3.83 mu); residential industrial and mining land 26.3545 million hectares (3.95 mu). Compared to 2005, the national net decrease of 307,000 hectares cultivated land (460.2 acres). including: building occupied 259,000 ha (387.8 acres).
from a strategic point of view, China has strengthened still has some unused space, the current residential industrial and mining land, but for the 26,354,500 hectares (3.95 mu), 18 million mu of arable land outside the 25.541 million hectares of other farmland (3.83 mu), based on non-arable land of about 2 million acres of land for construction in rural areas, ranging from simple volume rate increase by the complex into use, so as to solve industrial and mining land for future residential land needs is entirely possible, it should be the strategic direction of land use in China, to fully address the survival needs of the Chinese people well.
now to 3.95 million mu of China's agricultural construction land and 3.83 million mu of urban residents and industrial land site 3.95 acres of land integrate, basically half a catty of eight ounces, has a huge rural construction land use of space .3.95 million hectares of agricultural land for construction and mining land to the settlement the vast resources and transport the foundation of China's modernization, but the current The land model is difficult to create the essence of China's land use efficiency, more power wins material, less force wins people, full of rural land for construction of the main great enthusiasm and creativity will make 3.95 million hectares of agricultural land for construction use less. this change our current land, and large increase in land supply in rural areas the main body, and to directly intervene in the market of agricultural land for construction is to achieve positive residential development of industrial and mining land the only way. The purpose of this reform is to achieve from the acquisition, expropriation model to develop the land market and the government will guarantee a combination of strategic change in land use patterns.
even from China to determine the current amount of land resources: the resources necessary to develop the stock of land for construction-based, comprehensive anti-hoarding behavior and constraints, fully able to supply the next few years 400 million mu each year, or even 600 acres for land market operations, China is fully capable to solve the residential, commercial, social security space. China's overall economic development, including housing construction, the annual land between the size of about 500-700 acres, which we can solve and not solved.
2. States should not be a land of urban and rural operators
the partition of China's current dual land system, social system also maintains the city on rural land expropriation, requisition. In a market economy in China, the rural collective land ownership and the transformation of state ownership still retains characteristics of the level of the planned economy, the rural collective land can not transfer, which itself is not a complete property, rights, the only way to transform the state of rural collective land expropriation, requisition, which is still in the planned economy era national land comprehensive economic strategy for the traditional model, this kind of model does not adapt to the market economy on the land requirements, it is difficult to achieve national value of land use preferred.
the inherent requirements of the development of market economy in China needs to make a revolutionary land-use pattern adjustment, going to the world advanced countries in the successful management of land resources in the road. State that is not land management providers, should implement a comprehensive national management from the centralized management of land resources according to the law governing transformation and overall planning of land resources system of governance. To do this it is necessary to compile, as the basis for reconstruction of China's land rights system and the right system, and on this basis, the establishment and operation of the modernization of national unity and Lands Management System.
3. the overall housing problem solving strategies
this stage, China's gradual market and the housing market, land ownership reform arrangements, constitute the business cycle fluctuations in China's real estate market is not fully operational character, but also constitutes a real estate cycle fluctuations in China's five reference points: the First, commercialization of rural residential housing in urban commercial circulation and total circulation structure of China's circulation system, transition arrangements for the housing market; Second, direct intervention in rural construction land and construction of a unified land use right market; Third, local government real alternative to land transfer tax revenue held by local financial restructuring in transition arrangements; Fourth, China's social security through legislation solve the space arrangements; Fifth, the establishment of the national housing investment institutions solve a wide range of past cost of China's cooperative housing arrangements.
At the same time China is 300 billion square meters of private homes can total resources of the property holding tax levied, limited housing space standards to collect more than 100 yuan per square meter per year to the formation of 5000-10000 million revenue, such as the bulk allocated to local governments, local governments will form the redemption of the importance of the land brokerage business capital, but also constitute the local government settle down from the high house price growth to extricate the material basis. from historical experience, the reform configuration of each subject, including the Central Government or the developers have not yet occupied the leading position of the absolute reform, therefore, the future development of the market forces should determine the role of involved parties, each party may create a miracle to reach the final equilibrium price increases.
So far, after over a decade Although the commercialization of housing reform in China, but there is not a complete Chinese housing policy, this should be the Law, stability, China's housing policy can not have instability.
4. uniform legal basis for the right to
1986 年 6 月 25 日 Sixteenth Meeting of the Sixth NPC Standing Committee adopted the , 1988,1998,2004 carried out three years has changed. now, Department is actively promoting the related work, the core of the current is determined by amending the law reform of land expropriation system. Since October 21, 2004 the State Council to the National Development 〔2004〕 No. 28 issued in the name of the file stressed: , is a leader in developing or changing the law or a predecessor of the legal basis for the formulation and modification of bedding. Thus the Recent legislation in the NPC Standing Committee should focus on rural collective construction land according to the law is focused on transfer of .
China also owned by collectives. the land use rights can be transferred in accordance with the provisions of the law. is implemented in a building on the basis of ownership of two land use right system; there are all the collective land into state land use and then set up the right conditions. even if that ownership is limited based on the collective land re-exploration, in fact far from the 1950 rather than on the basis of the 1978 After the implementation of private ownership of land .1950 farmers announced in June, that there is a world with a collective land ownership restructuring, the peasants ownership of land and homestead rights for members in transition, countries need to take to avoid confiscation, redemption, responsibility for compensation or plunder, reducing the concentration of land in difficult times due to the rural turmoil and struggling to promote the rapid development of industrialization in China, and eventually through the promotion of rural land contract system reform in China. We are now at once in the new rural construction land use right of farmers to establish property rights era, should respect the farmers are property in order to effectively promote the collective property of land use right sound system, to create more powerful China.
this reform of China's land rights Diaozheng Di goals: continue to maintain the constitution in the existing state and collective system of land divided Zhi ; establishment of a unified urban and rural areas of different land-use rights for all duplex system; to ensure that rural collective construction land as the legal property, to promote the transfer of real property must be transferred in accordance with the rules; to ensure the transfer of national land use rights to be registered by law-type behavior of the transfer. based on different land ownership while retaining a unified system of land use right should be the collective land use rights in rural China to set the basic direction, which will form a more unified China, the legal rights of land use right characteristics, that is paid, duration, equality and the unity of the transferor and the transferee extensive.
land ownership in China is unified with a single set, in fact, the value of the rights and responsibilities and wealth to the right to use the Trust, for which China should build the world's most comprehensive land-use rights system. developed the high degree of land use rights transfer system, land ownership will also lead to weakening of formalization, the name of the increase in land value of the wealth concentrated in the land use rights within the system, restricting or ignore the statutory rights of collective land currently set up without any constitutional basis. to solve the problem of collective land use rights will directly change the operating system of the current Chinese real estate industry that the Government Expropriation of land of farmers; by the developer-oriented urban construction Real Estate; land rights holders not available to farmers to share their own use of the land urbanization, commercialization of land wealth results; city residents trapped in land resources such as high prices situation. to promote the improvement of collective land property rights system will house China earth-shaking impact of the real estate market, but also adjust the high degree of centralization of the existing operating system, the key to China's real estate initiatives
5. uniform rights can change the epidemic of housing consumption, the social collective panic behavior
buyers must admit that we live in RMB notes in a standard system within the system, the current financial year deposit interest rate of only 3.06%, 3% in China have to cope with inflation, net of the inflation, the renminbi few actual return is negative, thus increasing the value to be trying to achieve a variety of investment vehicles set up to address the comprehensive land use right market liberalization and the reasonable distribution of wealth is to meet the growing needs of the people. Deadline April 2007 30 resident deposits is 17.848893 trillion yuan, the national household loans 4.342702 trillion yuan, which more than four trillion size of the majority of housing loans. It shows that most of the residents were moved into the production sector deposits, although the consumer has great potential, but consumption has not yet created a revolutionary open. If you do not open the unified power market, the huge investment opportunities, way out of this money must be addressed.
due to the current government has the land market, the switch determines the supply of land, when the big some people have been rapidly rising house prices Iconicity control, failed to recognize the collective behavior of abnormal demand led to property speculation, can constitute a high degree of risk, leading to the vulnerability of housing assets and instability. but the formation of a relatively spontaneous, not expected, disorganized, unstable housing prices due to the emergence of urban clusters, competition, catch up with the popularity of housing consumption, the social set of panic behavior of buyers. If this observation, the Chinese have a housing asset bubble, there the overdraft. if allowed to take advantage of the current value of 100 trillion yuan more than two million acres of rural land for construction directly into the market, will reconstruct our system of housing wealth.
the process of our city or the other engage in one-step construction of new countryside, I am not in favor of. urban of the three-step process I advocate, the first urbanization, suburbanization second and third in rural areas and then building. I think: this rural house in suburban base of about 100 million square meters, which houses at least 100 billion 300 billion -500 billion in housing reconstruction. Suppose we have the ability within a decade building 300 - 500 million homes, China has a total 700-900 billion of housing volume, the whole world no country can achieve such a high amount of residential. I on March 16 this year, the Oriental Morning Post suggested that the financing of three trillion yuan proposed formation of the national housing agency, within five to eight years in our construction of 30 100 to 5000 million cost of housing nearly a year at 5-1000000000 square meters sold directly to people in need, this qualification can have residence restrictions, but not related to income. as an effective solution to urban residents and rural residents redistribution of wealth. In addition to stimulating demand, that patch is incomplete polarization of urban and rural real estate market structure. If the annual increase of billions of housing supply, housing prices could not come down. as soon as possible a unified policy of land ownership, which is recognized house sites and house property can flow, so as to solve problems left over by history, homestead circulation, the whole market will be more active.
four, the urbanization process and housing needs of the control
urbanization of our non- Jibi step out of this new rural construction in place, I do not agree. I suggest that the process of urbanization in three steps, the first urbanization, suburbanization second and third in rural areas and then building. I think: This suburban areas Rural Residential block about 100 million square meters, which houses at least 100 billion 300 billion -500 billion in housing reconstruction. Suppose we have the ability within a decade building 300 - 500 million homes, China has a 700-900 million the total housing, the whole world no country can achieve such a high amount of residential. I on March 16 this year, the Oriental Morning Post suggested that the financing of three trillion yuan proposed formation of the national housing agency, within five to eight years We build 3 to 5 billion cost of housing for nearly a year at 5-1000000000 square meters sold directly to people in need, this status can have residence restrictions, but not related to income. as an effective solution to urban residents and redistribution of the wealth of rural residents. In addition to stimulating demand, is to repair the poles are urban and rural real estate market structure is incomplete. At present residential system to promote the regulation, only the way with repair mechanisms and repair of residential property in the system should now be a major, revolutionary adjustments. If the annual increase of billions of housing supply, housing prices could not come down. as soon as possible a unified policy of land ownership, that is, recognition of house sites and house property can flow, so as to solve problems left over by history, home base flow, the whole market will be more active.
I recently considered a problem, I joined 21 years ago when the State Council Housing Reform Office work, when are mainly state-owned enterprises, local government money to build a house problem. and not take into account the urban residential and rural dwellings ...

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October 25 hepatitis B patients to health experts talk about marriage and child rearing

 Interview topics: how healthy marriage and child rearing
hepatitis B patients interviewed guests: PLA 302 Hospital the following interview with Professor Li Hanwei
Record:
Moderator: friends, good afternoon and welcome to Sohu health interview room. Today we say about invited to the People's Liberation Army 302 Hospital Infection Professor Li Hanwei, director of ten, the subject of today's interview is concern marriage and procreation topic hepatitis B patients. Today will friends of patients and users are generally concerned about hepatitis B, hepatitis B carriers of life, premarital, pregnancy testing, pre-marital therapy, pre-pregnancy precautions and other issues discussed with the experts, please give a reasonable proposal, Professor Lee, and the necessary treatment. and asked Professor Li with a wealth of clinical experience, netizens questions be answered and guidance .
first of all, Professor Lee told friends say hello.
defend Lee: you friends, good afternoon!
Moderator: Autumn is the harvest season is the season of colorful four seasons, this season Many newcomers to board the wedding hall. But for hepatitis B and hepatitis B carriers, this point seems to fall, always with the joy of fear and apprehension, many of my friends want to know patients with hepatitis B through the network related to marriage and child rearing topics. such as hepatitis B HIV in the end can marry and have children? what kind of attitude towards marriage and child rearing this? how scientific selection of the time of marriage and procreation reasonably hh also includes hepatitis B patients and the relatives the families of the other half of what protective measures should be taken, what kind of mentality to face these situations.
so today would like to invite you, Professor Lee with the clinical experience of treatment of hepatitis B, for the hot issues of concern to Internet users to analyze, for patients for a variety of fears and concerns of marriage and child rearing some science proposal, subsequently raised concerns for the users to answer. makes you friends and relatives of patients with a scientifically sound approach to marriage and child rearing phase of the health problems in order to build a happy family life, health protection.
hepatitis B patients can be normal marriage or birth do?
began to ask about the interview, Professor Lee, hepatitis B patients can now get married or a normal birth?
defend Lee: We all know that the incidence of hepatitis B in our country is relatively high, first speak of two concepts First, the rate of infection of the surface antigen positive rate of the general population of about 9.5%, the second is the hepatitis, hepatitis B patients Currently, there are 2-3 million, so the incidence is not large, and this part of the patient through our active treatment, most patients are already stable condition can be restored to the state, can be a normal marriage, birth, work, can return to normal society, a normal life.
Moderator: It is not premarital also This is an investigation of hepatitis B?
Lee to defend: premarital examination is mandatory in our country in the past, now is voluntary, indeed, a progressive society. In the past Australia is a mandatory inspection of anti-positive, 80's, 90's, when are mandatory, the check is very important to themselves for the future of children is beneficial. pre-marital examination in normal circumstances is a conventional item, we have to have hepatitis C as a regular item, it is beneficial to individuals, families and society.
premarital examination found no positive relationship between anti-Australian, with the love of the liver at the propaganda, ordinary people are now able to accept the normal, even after treatment of hepatitis can be a normal marriage, children, so do not be afraid premarital examination, but should pay attention to premarital examination, especially now that our country has not been fully hepatitis B infection rate reduced to very low levels, the more we should start from the individual to prevent hepatitis B infection. there is a major characteristic of hepatitis B is hidden, more than 60% of people do not know they are hepatitis, wait until the last 10 years, 20 years, 30 years later, suddenly because of school examination, examination of marriage, only to find their own examination of work had hepatitis B, he still do not believe that this is the biggest problem of hepatitis B is not easy to find. Therefore married couples, the premarital hepatitis B surface antigen should look up the first place.
have hepatitis B patients at home, daily life will be contagious < br> Host: users are more concerned about another key issue, if you are a hepatitis B virus carriers, not the family after the wedding is not safe, they fear the spread of daily life, the psychological burden is relatively large. how this to avoid?
Lee to defend: the last century, we propose a new point of view, hepatitis B is preventable, treatable, and that is preventable, treatable, but also can be controlled. We as the promotion of hepatitis B vaccine after 92 years, and now getting lower and lower the infection rate of hepatitis B, some cities children under the age of 7 hepatitis B surface antigen carrier rate less than 1% in the past this figure could reach 9% to 10 %, even more than 10% in some areas. This shows that the vaccine can prevent hepatitis B universal vaccination, especially the newly married or dating two people find one of them is the process of hepatitis B vaccine can prevent infection by vaccination. We know that the main mode of transmission of hepatitis B is four, blood transmission, mother to child transmission, through broken skin, mucous membranes, and the spread of sexual contact. If there is hepatitis B patients at home, then he should be in close contact with family to protection by vaccination. prevent mother to child transmission we now have a very good way of prevention is also very good.
Second, once the risk of hepatitis can be treated, with the development of antiviral drugs, especially nucleoside drug application, and the use of interferon in the formal treatment of the premise, can achieve very good therapeutic effect. So from this perspective, hepatitis B is preventable, treatable.
Moderator: Many users have not injected hepatitis B vaccine, or just not enough time to get married vaccination, they are worried about eating dinner were not hepatitis B virus infection.
Lee to defend: a normal life, work, shaking hands, hugging is not contagious. working together, learning is not infection, and even some say infected mosquito will have no evidence.
friends: My parents are hepatitis B carriers, I am now 3 years old child, with the elderly to live together, the children with poor immunity will not be infected?
defend Lee: First of all the hepatitis B example reflects the phenomenon of familial aggregation, which is a feature of infectious disease. Second, our immune immune speaking with ordinary people not the same as that for hepatitis B specific immunity, only hepatitis virus-specific immune strong and weak. normal people did say, our children and old cold, fever, hepatitis B is also low body resistance does not necessarily. like the kind of family, children do high-risk groups, likely to be infected. but now can be prevented, such as the birth of such children within 24 hours of injection of hepatitis B vaccine to produce antibodies can be maintained after the 12-year existence of the antibodies, for such high-risk families can be a years or three years after the first injection of vaccine, antibody levels to his higher and more protective. Hepatitis B can be prevented, vaccination can.
Moderator: Here to talk about fertility problems in patients with hepatitis B, hepatitis B carriers of hepatitis B patients, three positive, three positive, these people can do normal birth, can give birth to a healthy baby do?
Lee to defend: one is the question of perception. found positive in three Australian anti-meaning, one Australian Anti-positive patients had a small part in the chronic hepatitis B virus DNA in addition to these people other than positive, ALT is also high, these people really are chronic hepatitis B patients, which is a small part. Australian Anti-positive patients are a large portion of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B virus carriers is divided into two categories, one that is chronic hepatitis B virus carriers, this part of the patient's sense that we usually positive, the positive is that DNA is, or three positive DNA was positive , and active viral replication, and liver function is normal, we call chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. The second, called non-active hepatitis B virus carriers, which is basically part of the patient's hepatitis B virus replication in non-or very low copy state, the virus DNA detected (PCR method), liver function is normal. we generally think that without active hepatitis B virus carriers in these states is the best. If the first two patients how to do? I am a chronic carriers, but also how to do pregnancy? First, we do not worry, even if this part of the patient became pregnant, and we generally intervene before pregnancy, post-production grant intervention, blocking rate of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B can be up to 87.8%, so this Hepatitis B carriers are also part of the problem do not worry about marriage and childbearing.
second category is for patients with chronic hepatitis. chronic hepatitis patients because of active viral replication, we first of all antiretroviral therapy treatment, first select the two aspects, one is interferon, one nucleoside analogue, long-acting interferon definitely better, there are nucleoside analogues lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, telbivudine, listing some of the future will be a succession of , of course, listen to professional medical treatment to give you some general recommendations, to take the best treatment options, so you get long-term inhibition of the virus after the virus some patients can even be removed, even low copy state can give birth to children of normal .
User: normal liver function, has been 10 years, pregnant do this for?
Lee defended: that patients recommend a liver biopsy examination. because the pregnancy is a major event in life, if left sorry That child later in life or the future will be greatly affected, since the Australian anti-positive for 10 years, suggested a liver biopsy to see whether in a state of immune tolerance, if the liver is not inflammatory, antiviral therapy can do, if you do anti- HIV treatment is also very good, positive for the virus can also be pregnant, the probability of infection is small. but can not give up control of the virus the opportunity to have a better chance of prenatal and postnatal care.
Moderator: You just talked about mother to child transmission has been interrupted, a success rate of 87.8%, this process is how to achieve?
Lee to defend: this is our country has been advocated, especially for high-risk groups. mother to child transmission of hepatitis B transmission in our country the main way, ten years to do a lot of work and made a lot of experience, the current continuous efforts after so many years, now blocking rate can reach 87.8%, there are so few specific ways: the first one of the most common method Australian Anti-positive mothers for children, the mother is O positive blood, anti-exposure to the child, the child should be born within 24 hours or sooner the better, efficient injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin, making this part of the child in the production process to for the protection, if there is interference in the production process can be integrated block. Second, we can also play in other parts of the hepatitis B vaccine. Again, the first hit high hepatitis B immunoglobulin, hepatitis B vaccine injection a month later. There is also a kinds of blocking methods 7,8,9 in the late months of pregnancy, usually after 28 weeks gestation, the fetal oxygen because the placenta ITG transport layer, we can efficiently hepatitis B immune globulin injection, into the uterus to prevent the baby infection, also made a very good result, we say that the pregnancy is normal 7,8,9 months, monthly injections to pregnant women 400 to 600 of hepatitis B immune globulin and efficient, to achieve very good results, but the injection After completion of immunoglobulin still remains active and passive immunization.
third, to pregnant women with antiviral drugs, but this method also requires a lot of medical evidence to prove its safety.
whole, We are blocking the way of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B has three, one, the child's active passive immunization after birth, the second, three months in late pregnancy 7,8,9 HBIG intervention, Third, some pregnant women with active viral replication Lamivudine can be used, of course, is conditional, or to safety, need to carefully.
Moderator: users are more concerned about, when after taking these measures can prove that the child has been completely immune successful, there is no infected?
Lee to defend: the general is the case, PMTCT were generally about a year to check that we are two pairs of semi hepatitis B, O, is not negative resistance, in particular, depends on the surface of produce do not produce antibodies, and surface antibodies are not more than 10%, if it is can not be improved. later, or to dynamically monitor, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years to 3 years of age usually is not a big problem at the age of .1 effect can be seen .
Moderator: There are hepatitis B patients or carriers on the issue of breastfeeding.
defend Lee: Most of the children playing in a month or so after the vaccine produced a number of antibodies, these antibodies produced only magnitude and level of difference, but we believe that as long as they did after active and passive immunization can, no problem.
friends: I am a 32-year-old woman, hepatitis B has been 10 years, 2003 to the present has been treatment, but the effect is not very good, would like to discontinuation of pregnancy, and then re-treatment, and now eat Chinese medicine, Western medicine has not eaten, how long this stop? specific attention to what to be pregnant?
Lee defense: I think that patients should not be discontinued, pregnancy. now we are very standardized treatment of hepatitis B, hepatitis B countries in 2005 on the diagnosis and treatment guidelines have been specified, so the four main aspects of the treatment. One of the most primary treatment is antiviral therapy, because now we have the drugs, the two had just said. Second, the anti-inflammatory liver reducing enzyme treatment. Third, the immune agents, and enhance their immunity. Fourth, the fibrosis treatment. This is the primary treatment among the four treatment is the anti-viral treatment, and the users continue to eat traditional Chinese medicine for 10 years, I think some of hepatitis in our field of medicine is indeed very effective, indeed make a significant contribution of chronic hepatitis B, but in terms of antiviral drugs now that can come up with medical evidence of both domestic and international approval, and there is no. This has been treating patients for 10 years, in particular, without western medicine treatment, treatment of the past 10 years can not reach the normal liver function, mean that treatment is failure, patients like me that should go to the hospital to find specialist doctors a good look.
Moderator: There are some patients may require treatment to achieve a certain effect after considering pregnancy, and now anti-viral drugs are many patients who want to become pregnant, there is no choice of medication should pay attention to some of the principles?
defend Lee: Now for hepatitis B treatment, the primary emphasis on specialty hospitals antiviral treatment, antiviral treatment of hepatitis B without other treatments in terms of the patient's recovery can not be said little, but it is difficult to contain, thoroughness, radical, controllable. There are two types of antiviral therapy, interferon and nucleoside analogues, interferon for Young, E antibodies to two-thirds efficacy in patients with a more stable and sustainable. In addition, a limited course of treatment with interferon, injections a year to. especially for young people, such as to marry and have children of these people, injection of interferon, if the result is very good, appeared after treatment E antigen negative, and basically there is no virus at a low copy or reproduction, marriage and fertility after treatment is very safe.
other nucleoside analogues, developed rapidly in recent years, nucleoside analogues Currently there are four listed, lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, telbivudine. on the application of nucleoside analogues in general there are three principles, one, effectiveness, quickly and efficiently, quickly the virus down to very low levels or undetectable levels. Second, the resistance rate is lower, the virus gradually brought under control after rare virus resistance. Third, the toxic side effects is relatively small. Of course, these four types of domestic Drug safety is relatively good. principle is powerful, fast down the virus, drug resistance is low, basically this fundamental principle. Of course, due to price factors, as well as other factors and so on, we want to drug administration considered. Our industry has a word, different people at different points different dishes hotel, better economic conditions of people, entecavir, powerful quick drop virus, drug resistance is low. safety is the best in terms of lamivudine, including pregnant women is also very safe, but the biggest mistake of lamivudine resistance point is the high incidence. to present study data showed that four-year incidence of entecavir resistance is the best, powerful lower The role of the virus is also the best of entecavir, telbivudine, lamivudine is not bad. antiviral therapy, but long-term medication is mainly on account of resistance, as well as the virus can continue to be curtailed. of course, the patient's choice, by the State levels of development, health security system, etc. factors.
Professor Li Hanwei
Moderator: hepatitis B drugs are included in health insurance is now a do?
Li defend: for all drugs for hepatitis C have been incorporated into the health care, and treatment of hepatitis B, nucleoside analogues are not included in health insurance, I would definitely be included in future health care which.
Moderator: We have heard friends say a word, look at efficacy of treatment of hepatitis B a year, the two years to see resistance, pockets of more than three years will depend, indicating efficacy and drug resistance is also very important.
Lee to defend: this says is very good, but I do not agree for three years to see pockets, purses mean treatment the amount of money spent and the future of money to spend can pay, is not the case. see pockets of the three accounts would count, one, one with anti-viral drugs can control the disease, no other part of medicine to save economic costs. If a potent anti-viral drugs, the effect on the short term, and to use this drug, can cost several types of drugs than the control condition is also not the overall cost is lower. Second, if the anti-viral drugs, disease, repeated, and such as some patients repeated once or twice a year, then a few thousand or even million of investment. If you choose the right drugs, a low potent antiviral drug, to reduce recurrent disease , are equivalent to reducing the additional expenditures. The third is that the probability of cirrhosis of the liver disease is also repeated less less chance of the future liver cancer is also less time for the president of the health, life improved in this respect.
more thing , because the medicine with anti-virus, and hepatitis B virus levels in patients under control, the spread to others, for life on the family of relatively small impact on the community. less chance of infection to others, the whole society, health care costs will drop down. So from this angle, I think three years to see pockets may also save money. Of course, to see that effect one year, two years to see resistance, these words sum up very well.
Moderator: Now a lot of friends, patients referred to drug resistance. Some users have been using a lamivudine resistant afraid of two or three years. Are there other methods to prevent drug resistance?
Lee to defend: this issue is now on the resistance there is a relatively new formulation, treatment or prevention of drug resistance. now to prevent drug resistance is more important than treatment, the initial decision to use antiviral therapy in patients when the drug should take into account the issue in detail, considering both the efficacy and consider the resistance. recent liver Guide to the United States adefovir, entecavir both the low incidence of drug resistance as the preferred, and why on the first choice? mainly from the perspective of the low rate of drug resistance. should say, low-resistance medicine is the most willing to see the viral effect of drug reduction, and low frequency of drug resistance, the doctor or the patient will feel very safe, very good. in previous years we have only one nucleoside drugs - lamivudine when the drug did occur for two years, three years after the drug situation. the emergence of drug, the condition fluctuations, in particular, there are still some people stopping their situation, resulting in some adverse effects, including hepatitis itself repeatedly, part of the patient's condition worsened the impact of causing bad. but from now we have new weapons, and patient choice in treatment, when untreated, they should be in line with the above three principles I'm talking about.
now resistant This part of the crowd, the basic principle is that lamivudine resistance or adefovir can be used with entecavir, entecavir should be doubled. If the adefovir resistance also can be used to lamivudine plus telbivudine set, if the entecavir resistance can also be used adefovir, you can switch between drugs to deal with the occurrence of drug resistance. But it should be clear that if there is resistance, and to re-select the nucleoside analogues for the follow-up to bring a lot of trouble, because the effect is far less than untreated patients. such as lamivudine resistance, and may also produce some of adefovir resistance, so some patients resistant to lamivudine and then Adelaide dipivoxil effect is not very good, reason is that there is a compensatory process of resistance. So untreated patients must be carefully selected drugs.
Moderator: If you are using the lamivudine therapy, no resistance , Can you change the other nucleoside analogues?
Lee to defend: If current drug treatment, sustained viral DNA negative, and no emergence of drug resistance genes is not recommended dressing change. If there is a genotypic resistance, found by detecting lamivudine resistance gene, dressing better this time. Another point, genes that breakthrough, the virus mutates, the virus load up to an order of magnitude but has not caused a significant rebound when the virus re- switch to adefovir.
friends: I want a baby, the doctor made me pregnant taking telbivudine, ask that no effect on me?
defend Lee: We are now in the liver Guide , including the United States a guide to liver disease, in this regard are not proposals, not currently pregnant women nucleoside drugs clinical evidence. prenatal and postnatal care is a life science, we talk about science, to find some evidence, not to judge the seat of your pants Lamivudine is safe, people will not get entecavir, adefovir would be fine, I think the medication during pregnancy must be careful, because this is a scientific problem.
Moderator: One more question , nucleoside analogues take a long time, some young users can be discontinued when pregnancy care, how long before stopping pregnancy.
Lee defended: nucleoside analogues with antiviral treatment after the virus is not to, less and less viral replication, E antigen negative a, E antibodies, and then continue to consolidate the treatment of six months, six months after the drug to be gradually reduced, withdrawal, and generally 80% of people will not be repeated. discontinuation plan to be pregnant after six months.
Moderator: There is also a case, the patient is taking treatment, but do not care how pregnant?
Lee to defend: this problem is very difficult, if treatment with lamivudine pregnant, might better security, the other three drugs was pregnant I thought I'd be careful, especially now that child to a child, from the perspective of prenatal and postnatal care do not take the risk.
Moderator: If Pregnant women are three positive patients, pregnant, during pregnancy or need to do some specific inspection?
defend Lee: Yes. For such a routine examination of pregnant women than pregnancy, but also special attention to the virus, ALT changes. because some pregnant women during pregnancy or after the low level of the body's immune is some other reason, the body of the virus replication with immune changes.
User: girlfriend is three positive, shortly before the test is negative, they are 2 5 positive, the rest are negative, this case does not need sex life when the need to prevent?
Lee to defend: his girlfriend is three positive, low-copy or no copy of, and that users have their own immune force, and have generated specific immune to hepatitis B, the defense system has been established, so in the life of which there is no need to carry out the prevention of the other.
friends: I am a positive, the liver function normal, But the virus is high, this situation can not eat some of lamivudine, this drug has no effect on fetal development? When did you start to eat food with lamivudine? former doctor said that the fifth month of pregnancy to eat, is that right?
defend Lee: First of all I think it is in line with a principle, before the pregnancy, you need not require treatment on an assessment you are a chronic carrier or chronic hepatitis, hepatitis B patients can be high-profile anti- viral treatment, if not hepatitis B patients should wait and see. in accordance with the general principle, children should be before deciding to find a specialist to select the correct treatment program.
friends: I am twelve years ago suffering from acute jaundice hepatitis B . liver function are normal in recent years, most recently to do 2 on the half-time, the result is: HbsAG negative anti-HBs anti-HBe positive HbeAg negative negative negative anti-HBC
doctor says I'm all good! but I see some the book also said that hepatitis B can not be all the more of. I ask Professor Li, the results from this that my illness is really all that good? this year I want to have children, this child have any form of ringing? (I am male )
Lee to defend: this is called the clinical recognition of patients cured, and is completely cured, it seldom.
Moderator: Many users asked, if male, is a hepatitis B virus carriers, and some viruses replication, and some may not, have any effect on the pregnancy you?
Lee to defend: the general male transmission is relatively small, the parent child transmission rate of 1%, so infectious is relatively small.
Moderator: the need to take preventive approach?
Lee to defend: methods of prevention or treatment from a precise, from the perspective of prenatal and postnatal care, you must first define their status, and then decide whether a child, when you can have children. so on individuals, the children are good.
friends: I am hepatitis B HBeAg, DNA-positive, some time ago high transaminase (alanine and aspartate are high, but no more than 100), the doctor opened the Soviet Union and Vigan DDB pills, medication found to be pregnant, the child can either? If so what is the worst possible consequences? how likely is it?
like me, and if pregnancy take 7,8,9 injection of high protein, and within 12 hours after birth while injection of high protein, then the possibility of transmission between mother and child can be reduced to how much? there are other way to do a good block?
defend Lee: First Female blocking probability of infants and 87.8%, is nearly 90% of the children can control by blocking. Second, the Soviet Union and the DDB with Wigan pills when pregnant, if you consider this issue from the perspective of prenatal and postnatal care, Some of these drugs more or less, even if it is very safe in the future if in case a problem after giving birth, can cause life-long regret. so such an accident or in the course of pregnancy in patients with medication, I think still have to From the big focus, from the fine aspects, from a scientific point of view, should terminate the pregnancy.
PMTCT probability is close to 90%, 10% of people do because of intrauterine infection, or some other issues, including genetic factors blocking unsuccessful, but after all this is a minority.
believe that as technology continues to improve treatment and diagnosis, PMTCT since the situation will get better and better. We as students 92 years child immunization, China's cities, conditions are good cities, children under 7 years old Australian Anti-positive rate has dropped to 1% of the. even as Beijing, Shanghai's largest city, has been less than 1%. these children grow Congress, the positive rate of the Australian base for anti-less, equal to the later generations will be less and less hepatitis B or even completely disappear.
users: do viral DNA testing can determine whether the virus replication, is not as long as there antibodies can not control?
Lee to defend: It can be understood in general as long as the surface produced antibodies after vaccination can control basically. Our country is a country with high infection rates, 50% to 60% are infected, most people are subclinical infection, the infection cleared after the virus in the body, resulting in surface antibody, and these people because it will not have a re-infection defense.
users: If the parties are a hepatitis B patients, this situation is not the odds of transmission to the next generation high?
defend Lee: I think the probability of transmission to children, and both high and low viral load is also a positive correlation, such as two people are the three positive , the probability of transmission to children should also be very small. If the two are positive, the probability of infection may be higher, one is from the transmission point, the second from the genetic, anti-viral immunity in this light, it will higher.
friends: I am positive, the 27 years of age, married for two years want to have children, but the test results with high transaminase (79), virus index is 10 to the 8th power, the doctor finally recommended to eat A Defu Wei and JiangMei drugs, eat for two weeks after the drug reducing enzyme transaminase became 85, then injected with a liver Lixin and potassium magnesium aspartate for two weeks, aminotransferase was 28. enzymatic down, and makes me upset is that doctors that adefovir should eat a half years because as it is, I have 29 to have children, when too old. again although adefovir for the treatment of hepatitis B drugs, but to eat so long for can not harm the body? I now have to eat the medicine for 5 months. I urgently want to know I can not use adefovir short periods it? index reached the number of tests for pregnancy stopping it?
Lee to defend: the users through the anti-viral treatment can be controlled disease, liver function should be back to normal, the clinical name is healed. like this, things still have to continue to serve, when parked? first check, for example, antigen E , E antibody in the case, if there is conversion of E antigen, and then consolidation therapy can reduce withdrawal after six months, so from this perspective, to be monitored.
friends: I am positive, the liver function but my husband are normal, but in recent years ALT high, usually two pairs of the second half check, but positive for the fifth year examination, the doctor said that recent infection has returned, and this year has turned positive for two pairs of half a , more concerned, this phenomenon is to ask what kind of situation? is not the second, only be considered more than 10 antibodies, anti-life can you?
defend Lee: I think certainly the patient contact with each other or viral infection, but infection is two normal and five should be positive, and she sometimes positive, sometimes negative, but also pay attention to test results whether the Right, can go to some of the more hospital bigger check. Second, the play not vaccinated, the vaccine should be played, and can be further strengthened.
friends: I am a HBeAg is positive, never eaten any of the drugs, this pregnant, take 7,8,9 High immunoglobulin injection, and 12 hours after the birth of a child vaccination, general practitioner a healthy baby do?
Lee to defend: to give birth to healthy babies.
User: test results in September this year, HBV- DNA5.1502E +06 alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase 29.7 Total red bile pigment 39.9H 41.9H direct bilirubin 7.7H albumin total protein 80.0 28.3 57.7 globulin albumin / globulin ratio of 1:8 r-valley amino peptidase 17.3 82.7 Alkaline phosphatase enzyme choline acid 1539.7H five: the virus surface antigen + virus surface antibody - virus e virus e antigen + antibody - virus core antibody + does not do B-, and 302 hospitals to I drive a grass cents hepatitis B capsules, October test results like this: HBV-DNA1.527E +07, 21, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase 27.9, the total red choline 28.9H, directly bilirubin 7.8H, 77.6 total protein, albumin 43.0, 34.6 globulin, albumin / globulin 1.2L r-valley amino peptidase 20.8 59.6 cholinesterase 1566.4H alkaline phosphatase did not do the five hepatitis B Chao said the uneven qualitative change in the liver, cholecystitis sex change, I now have a contagious it? the same room with her husband will be transmitted to him? When can I be baby?
Lee to defend: there will be as long as the DNA-positive infections, Of course, we can prevent that infectious. The second view on B ultrasonography, such patients are often infected with a certain time window after a damage of varying degrees of liver inflammation, such as liver HBeAg we only wear 50 % of the can, so that patients antiviral treatment as long as we ....

Dispute resolution to mobilize the people from the mobilization of cadres

 Place of civil mediation Ming Shen Mingting
1979 ---- National Court accepted 520,000 cases in 1989 rose to 2.6 million, five times in 1979. The next decade, the court concluded the first or second instance, the trial supervision number of cases overall, sustained rise, up to 6.23 million in 1999, double than in 1989 and in March .2009, Wang Shengjun, president of the Supreme Court work report: In 2008, the national courts, cases of 10,711,275. According to the current growth rate of the cases, the amount of estimated cases in 2009, may reach 11 to 12 million, compared to 1999, had almost doubled.
these years, the court case of crisis response to the basic measures that soldiers to be blocked, the water to soil flooding, by continuously increasing the officials to deal with cases of crisis. at all levels all over the court continued the addendum. this through the mobilization of cadres to cope with the social crisis of thought, not only in the courts work, and also reflected in the public security , urban management and other departments. the public security department constantly addendum, in addition to recruit a large number of Police Association, Association tube to make up for lack of strength. this through the mobilization of cadres, the expansion of establishment, to respond to the idea of social crisis, the greatest evils are the people responsible for increasingly heavy and increasing social conflicts. To this end, we must carefully reflect on the full years of dispute resolution policy, and for the direction of adjustment, from the mobilization of cadres to mobilize the masses, let the people solve the people's disputes. will of the people organized and united around the national power, playing with people's war to settle disputes.
it was thought, contemporary Chinese society in transition, an increase of cadres has its historical inevitability. This was wrong. Take Japan for example. World War II Sixty years later, the Japanese society has gone from agrarian society to a modern society in transition, transformation through the city. The Japanese judge to determine the total amount of legislation, and six years, has remained at about two thousand, of which only micro adjustments. This shows, economic development, social transformation, state agencies can not be augmented by members of the grounds. is a problem with our policy.
I conducted a preliminary investigation to the Long County, one of the greatest feeling is that Long County Court, intentionally or unintentionally doing a great experiment, that is to mobilize the people to resolve disputes, the people, embodied the lack of legal expertise and authority, and the combination, organically state power, expertise and local knowledge of people together. This is indeed a great initiative, it is worth in-depth discussion of the legal profession. the Supreme Court from a strategic height, encourage and support exploration Longxian court, sum up experience. I hope Longxian county court and the principle of pragmatic truth, potential down to, down to earth to continue this great practice. Do not over-ambitious, do not be too anxious. I hope that the Supreme Court and the strength of the academic organization of Longxian practice of reform, in-depth, long-term tracking studies, and help them sum up experiences, identify problems and to explore a Chinese characteristics, in line with China's national conditions of the Road Dispute Resolution .
must be soberly aware that China's judicial reform, if they can not build an effective civil disputes settlement mechanism of the reform in general terms, there is no way out. Now the court has been exhausted, and the community are still dissatisfied, and why? reasons is that the court one hundred thousand or so. Jiang will be the new president was in the article pointed out that Germany is much less than the total population, but its annual number of administrative litigation is five times that we, that the annual number of affected cases is fifty 10000-600000 .2007, Germany's total population is 8220 people, China is over 1.3 billion. While the German system of administrative litigation is different from a simple scaling can not be, but under normal circumstances, administrative litigation in China each year , at least 100 million. does that indicate? This shows that at least 90 million sets of administrative disputes, not to the courts. of the people can be satisfied with?
court must take the initiative, effectively led to the court for the building diversification of the core dispute resolution mechanism to resolve a large number of civil disputes in the private sector, so that judges are free hands to do big, do important cases, to do intensive case.
Longxian experience, my view is the following several characteristics:
First, the dynamic type of justice. judge to move forward, to move to the dispute, the dispute nipped in the bud. In response, some people have different views. My view is whether we wait until raging fire, the fire again? or just from time to time on Mars, off the in the bud? is in fact so simple.
Second, community-based justice. , together with the community of judges, open up the people and the administration of justice, a civil dispute, not with the strict rules of procedure and law to solve the French words, people can use the forms loved by the general public can understand and solve. Temasek is a five year handling cases you wear robes?
course must see that different levels of courts, the face of the dispute is different from the tasks they face are different, even if the courts at the grassroots level, but also a certain number of judges Cathedral hear a case. This is not contradictory. initiative put forward the proposition of Justice is not required courts at all levels must align with the Long County. should be based on the court level and geographic characteristics of the dynamic in different forms.
two theoretical issues need to be addressed is:
one, Longxian the initiative of justice, only to meet the rural community or non-developed areas? If you do not answer this question, the experience of Longxian meaning that no general promotion. personal opinion, not the rural Longxian unique experience, for the modern urban society, there is still a strong demand. I have quality problems because of a gas stove, a dispute with the manufacturers. I call the property, hoping that they coordinate, manufacturers are tough, there is no way the property. Angrily, I am going to court. I live just a judge had heard my class. He advised me not to litigation, Ren Ren. I said, no, I'm angry. Then he make a phone call to the manufacturers, disputes resolved. this dispute, not in the court filing, legal history never see, but the real solution the problem. Some people say that what the teacher is the use of human relations in the non-local dispute resolution, ordinary people can not know the judge. I said, why not let ordinary people know what the judges in the region, the judges and the people of the region why not mix it ? This is not to facilitate access to it? previous years of reform, so that the judges away from the people. now need to correct. I very much hope to Longxian the a community of a judge, > Of course, not allow the court all the judges and people mix, the court in the in pure trial business judges should and social maintain an appropriate distance. the court should implement transfer trial separation. conciliation with affection, hearings by law. For the mediation is unsuccessful, sentenced according to the law firm to establish the authority of the law. to solve the problem of justice, individuals three basic principles: to be of dispute, the trial Yaogong, implementation must be ruthless!
II Longxian experience is temporary or permanent? I think, mobilize the masses to resolve disputes, is eternal proposition, not an expediency. because he is a more economical and more effective dispute resolution. We look Wenjing Han, Tang Dynasty, during the Rule Statecraft and the other will be found, is to try to resolve civil disputes.
how to judge from the system to ensure that the front? rather than float?
I think, an effective approach is to overhaul the existing recruitment of clerk in the hospital over the court, the judge was promoted to the system a few years later. All the judges in the Court above, you must have a certain number of years of grass-roots trial experience. no primary trial, prosecutors or lawyers experienced in superior court judge shall not act as .
one of my graduate students, after graduating from a primary court in Beijing. He told me that they left the court in the compilation of 200 people engaged in trial work, only fifty people. This phenomenon of overstaffing, and we The role of policy has a lot of cadres. If possible, I hope the state has adopted policies and laws, there is no practical trial experience, without a certain trial period, the shall not be promoted. from the economy, to increase the real income of the judge handling the case. must not be both line judges to sweat, and tears.