How to determine the quantities under the Tender Offer

 How to determine the quantities under the tender offer
Abstract: As China's socialist market economy system and development of construction field full implementation of the bidding system, the core issue is the competitive pricing through market competition the formation of prices, the inevitable requirement of the project budget fixed valuation method and system reform, establishment of a corresponding project cost pricing methods and management systems. the Bill of Quantities in the international bidding on a commonly used valuation methods. Engineering the amount of construction bid documents list is an important part, is a unit of measurement that a certain physical quantity and project files, bill of quantities is a the design drawings and specifications and technical specifications, etc., into a series of construction projects and project the number of forms. After the implementation of the Bill of Quantities, to achieve the government pricing changes to market formation of prices. by the mandatory government control over the fixed transition rules for the development of the market economy needs the Bill of Quantities methods. from the previous administration direct intervention into law on supervision of project cost effective to strengthen the government's macro-control project cost. In this pricing model, the owners of contractors at the tendering stage for how the conditions according to their own tender offer to make their own profit is not only successful but also most concerned about each competitor.
Key words: engineering bill of quantities Bidding Strategy BQ
how to determine quantities of the tender offer under Chapter Biqi
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mmmm With the body of the socialist market economic system, the establishment and development, in particular, August 30, 1999 PRC Tendering and Bidding Law corresponding set of valuation methods and project cost management system. you can say oriented. the state varied widely, all of a sudden into a unified global market. this makes the price formation mechanism works in the past faced severe challenges, forcing us to introduce and follow the international practice of project cost management, that is from the original tender self according to the drawing unit quantities for the tender offer to change the units of quantities (Engineering physical quantity) to tender units offer both conform to the internationally accepted way of competitive bidding, but also solves the and incentive mechanism of market competition mechanism and market competition, the Bill of Quantities construction norms came into being.
construction bill of quantities is an important part of the bidding documents, is a unit of measurement that a certain amount of physical works and documents, bills of quantities is a the design drawings and specifications and technical specifications, etc., into a series of construction projects and project the number of forms. After the implementation of the Bill of Quantities, to achieve the formation of the government pricing to the market price changes [①]. from the past changes in government-controlled mandatory quotas for the development of market economy needs to adapt to the Bill of Quantities methods. by the direct intervention into the past administration of project cost supervision according to law, strengthen the government's effective macro-control on the project cost [②]. In this types of pricing model, the owners of It is each competitor can benefit the most concern. the following aspects from the following description.
First, review the list of quantities and calculate the amount of
general construction projects, bidders must bid one list provided by the combination of quantity and press the integrated unit [③] in the form of quotations [④]. tenderer by the tenderer in the bill of quantities provided by the group price, must be caused by the construction program and construction engineering technology increment in the form of a price within the integrated unit. on the review of quantities, can know the amount of the tender to provide the accuracy of the project, if the bidding were allowed to adjust, to a greater error, Q & A will move through the bidding unit adjustments, to obtain consent to make adjustments; if allowed to adjust, you can project a larger error methods to solve by adjusting the unit price; or as the case may be unbalanced bid, or to digest the tender under the premise of the risk of missing items were not be adjusted, then the claim construction process.
tender bill of quantities provided by a sub-segment of the project in the list of quantities, but measures the amount of the project and construction scheme of the project does not provide the tender, bidders must according to the design in the bidding documents and construction design, construction program for the second calculation. so this part of the price quoted in the form of the amount apportioned to be fully taken into account. Since the list is dominated under the lowest bidder the absence of thoughtful losses caused by low bid, the tenderer shall not bear.
Second, the preparation of construction design and construction scheme
construction design and construction program evaluation the tenderer to consider one of the main factors is the bidder determine the amount of construction work main basis of its scientific and reasonable evaluation directly affect the purchase and is a major work of the bidding process is rather technical and professional work of high demand, including: Project Overview, project organization, project assurance measures, preparation programs, construction site layout, the total sub-part of the project plan and schedule, sub-segment of the construction technology and construction technology of organizational measures, the main construction machinery configuration, labor allocation, the main material assurance measures, the construction quality assurance measures, safe and civilized measures to ensure the duration measures.
construction design should be considered the main construction method, construction machinery and equipment and configuration, construction progress, quality assurance measures to ensure a safe and civilized measures and duration measures This is not only the engineering characteristics of construction design, the use of advanced science and construction methods, reduce costs, it is necessary to the use of advanced construction methods, arrangements for a reasonable period, but also the full and effective use of machinery, equipment and labor, temporary facilities and funds to minimize occupation, if the same can be made to the tenderer's cheap rationalization proposals, without prejudice to the premise of using the feature to save construction cost for the tenderer, it will greatly improve the low bidder's reasonable to increase the likelihood of winning, but also in the construction design of risk management planning, to guard against risk.
Third, establish and improve the implementation of the inquiry system, the Bill of Quantities
mode, the bidders set prices freely, all with the prices of all relevant release, the Government no longer to intervene in what way can inquire what specific exercise price, which is bidding under the new situation faced by new problems, the bidders in the daily work necessary to establish the price system, the accumulation of part of the labor, materials , Jixietaiban price, in addition, when in the preparation of multi-party tender offer inquiry, the contents of inquiry include: material market price, market price of local labor, machinery and equipment lease price of crude, sub-part of the project sub-price for.
material market price, materials, often in the project cost about 60% of the total cost, a great impact on the offer, which the quotation stage of understanding of the market price of materials and equipment to be very careful, for a construction project, materials, specifications are hundreds of varieties or even thousands, of every kind of material to a limited inquiry for the tender period of time are somewhat unrealistic, the need for multi-party inquiry and comparative analysis, a reasonable choice prices, inquiry methods are: home to the manufacturers or suppliers ask, has the purchase price of construction engineering materials, manufacturers or suppliers of the listing price, the government regularly publish information on prices, all kinds of information the information on the website prices, etc., list mode, pricing, due to the price of materials for organic synthesis, and analyze the future trends in prices of materials, using an integrated approach to predict price changes, the value added to the price of risk into concrete, it can be said that the losses caused by bidding a large part is the risk of errors caused by the prediction for the secondary material, the bidder should be established to store the price of materials, library materials according to market conditions and price analysis to predict the future, with an overall adjustment of the form factor, no interim inquiry .
artificial integrated unit, the only man in the construction industry to create profits, reflecting the level of corporate governance indicators, the level of artificial integrated unit, a direct impact on the cost of the authenticity of the individual bidders and competitive, artificial seasonal internal staff comprehensive level and wage standards, the surface is not necessary inquiry, but must use the average level of society and the local labor wage standards, to determine the level of internal management, and establish a moderate price, it is necessary to ensure the lowest risk, but also has some competitive.
lease price of crude mechanical equipment, machinery and equipment, depreciation and amortization is based on the way into the offer, enter the number quoted is mainly reflected in the utilization of machinery and mechanical equipment, good rates , except machinery and equipment related to the number and engineering, but also with the construction schedule and construction program-related, mechanical equipment lease price inquiry rough analysis can determine that the purchase of machinery or leasing machinery, to ensure the maximum utilization of funds bidders.
sub-inquiry, general contractor bidders generally have their own management strengths with the total package and medium-sized projects, including the engineering design, construction and commissioning, the bidders from the organizational structure of the design and construction. the highly specialized sub-part of the project such as: steel production arrangements, production and installation of curtain walls, elevator installation, special decoration, subcontracted to specialized subcontractors to complete. not only will affect the level of sub-price tender offer and construction plan with bidders and technical measures are directly related to [⑤]. So to be able to accurately determine the bidder sub-price quote after using the first sub-strategy, or will cause not reported in the higher standard, reported low the press does not go out in the subcontract price and the phenomenon.
four bids computing
the Bill of Quantities of the total project cost, divided by the quantities some of the project costs, measure project costs, other project costs , fees, taxes composition (the profit is included in the integrated unit within).
tender offer according to the following procedures:
(a), fully understand the tender documents, offer a clear range of
1. quantities Notes should tender, contract conditions, technical specifications and drawings and other documents together to understand or explain [⑥]. As a result of the bill of quantities unit price contract, has a specific calculation of the general rules and technical specifications documents, it is often overlooked Contractor will cause great damage.
2. Unless otherwise specified, the quantities in the cost or price, should be understood to have included the implementation and completion of the contract works for the labor, materials, mechanical , quality inspection, installation, management fees, taxes, profits and other costs, and express or implied contract of all duties, obligations and risks.
3. BOQ item in the list are required to fill in for each unit or total price, bid price or lump-sum did not enter a list of items, the cost will be considered in the allocation of quantities in the unit price or lump-sum in the other.
4. to fully understand the meaning of the name of each list item, Learn the name of the list item content of the work included, so that the integrated unit price quoted is reasonable, the cost of the project to include the list of the contents of each work inside [⑦]. if they meet the conditions of contract if the work required is not listed in the breakdown, the cost of will be deemed to have been allocated to the contract works by the total breakdown of the cost or price reasonably comprehensive mid-year report, the cost of the project to be included within the list for each work content, if they meet the terms of the contract if the work requirement is not listed the breakdown of the cost will be deemed to have been allocated to the breakdown of the contract works by the unit price or lump-sum among the list of omissions is not generally considered, but intend to in the construction of additional works required as a separate treatment, such costs must be considered in the offer.
(b), calculated integrated unit, determine the sub-segment of the construction cost
first enterprise level under or by reference to the drawings and scale determine the person, material, machine consumption, followed by determining people, material, machine price, consider the management fees, profit, risk, comprehensive calculation of unit prices, quantities and then to calculate sub-segment of the construction cost.
implementation of the Bill of Quantities mode, all the full release price-related open, the government is no longer any interference. tenderer must be established in the daily work the price system, the accumulation of part of the labor, materials, Jixietaiban prices. In addition to the preparation of multi-party inquiry when tender offer, the contents of Inquiry including: material market price, market price of local labor, machinery and equipment rental prices, the sub-sub-part of the price of such projects.
materials in construction projects often cost about 70% of the total cost of purchase of very large, so the quotation stage of understanding of the market price of materials and equipment to be very serious. in the list mode, pricing, due to materials price changes over time, particularly large, you can not just look at the prevailing prices of construction materials, must be done on The exercise price of different channels for organic synthesis, and analyze the future trends in prices of materials, using an integrated approach to predict price changes, the risks of specific values added into the price. can be said that the tender price due to a large part of the loss is predicted risk of errors caused.
(c), calculated measures costs: measures cost sub-technical measures and organizational measures charge fees, you can use 1), the formula parameter method, according to a certain base * coefficient, reference may be a fixed fee of the level or self- Definition 2), the fixed pricing method, and sub-segment of the integrated unit similar calculation, such as scaffolding, vertical transportation, 3), the physical volume method to predict the amount of each expense, such as the three experiments fees 4), sub-cost method such as cleaning fee subcontract price reference.
measures proposed by the tender fee list is determined based on the general situation, not consider the individual bidders, the bidders may be based on the actual situation, measures to increase the content of offer items such as samples of fees.
(d), calculating costs of other projects: one part of the non-competitive bidding project, according to the tender to provide the quantity and amount credited, no adjustment. tenderer to provide part of the list according to their own tender offer.
(five ), fees and tax calculation: according to location of the project shall be calculated.
is worth noting that the preparation of construction design and reasonable, and is also closely related to the tender offer.
preparation of construction design is considered when evaluation the tenderer One of the main factors, which affect not only scientific and reasonable to the evaluation, but also affect the competitiveness of quotes.
main consideration construction design construction method, the configuration of mechanical equipment and labor, construction progress, quality assurance measures , safe and civilized construction period to ensure that measures and measures, so not only to the duration of the construction organization, and the project cost and price are closely related. especially the artificial, mechanical, and measures the level of costs and directly related to the preparation of construction design.
V. tender offer bid decision analysis and decision
bidders business decisions is an integral part of guiding the entire process of bidding, the factors that affect the bidding decision-making is very complex, in addition to the bidder bidding the economic decision-making and closely related, it must do to the time, quickly and decisively, the tender bids, mainly from the entire decision-making process is divided into decision-making project analysis, bidding strategies and bid price analysis and decision.
1) Project Analysis and Decision
bidders to decide whether to participate in a project tender, we must first consider the current business situation and long-term business objectives, followed by the bid must have a clear purpose, and then analyze the possibility of winning factors.
construction market is a buyer's market, highly competitive bidding, bidders choose Bidder or room is very small, there is more or less the case of operating conditions is not full. In general, as long as the person receiving the tender invitation to tender, the contractor is a positive response to bid, it is mainly based on the following consider, first of all, participants and more tender, more chance of winning; Secondly, often participate in the tender, the opportunity to appear before the public is also more able to play the role of advertising; Third, through participation in the tender, can gain experience and master market conditions, collect information to understand the usual strategy of competitors; fourth bidder who refused to tender invitation to tender, may undermine their own credibility, and thus lose the opportunity after the receipt of invitation to tender.
course, there are a theory is that the strength of the bidder should bid invitation, select those with high probability of winning, small project bidding risk. the fight for the bidding strategy, but in the fierce market competition is difficult to achieve.
bidders after receiving the invitation to tender, the general attitude of not taking bids rejected. but sometimes the price of the bidder also received a number of invitations to tender, the tender offer resources limited, in order of priority in the tender if the average allocation of resources, then the probability of winning each and every project is very low, then the contractor should be directed to analyze the characteristics of each project, a reasonable allocation of the tender of resources. tendering resources in general can be understood as the preparation of tender and computer tools, and other resources, different projects require different amount of resource input, the same resources at different times in different projects have different values. For example: the same bidder in the tender bid higher value civil engineering However, winning bidders in the industrial building to a lower value, which is the construction by the bidder's business ability and cost of staff expertise and experience in tendering and other factors of the decision. bidders must accumulate a lot of empirical data, summarize and dynamic through the analysis in order to determine the different engineering resources into the minimum bid amount Zuiyou by minimizing the amount of resource input Zuiyou bid analysis, you can choose the tender. their intensive resource, successful projects very low probability Reng, should decisively abandon to avoid waste of resources in the tender.
2)
tender bidding strategy, according to the operating conditions of the bidder and business objectives, it is necessary to consider their own strengths and weaknesses, but also consider the intensity of competition, but also of The general features of the tender, according to the type of project and construction conditions to determine bidding strategies.
(1) Survival
bidding strategies, such as tender offer in order to overcome the crisis of survival as the goal for winning, you can not take into account other factors , due to social, political and economic environment changes and the bidder's own poor management, the bidder may result in the crisis of survival, first in this crisis due to economic reasons, reduction of the tender; Second, the government adjusted the direction of investment in infrastructure, Some bidders make good reduction projects, which promote the crisis is often harmful to the business professional engineering a single bidder; Third, if the bidder poor management, there will be fewer and fewer invitations to tender crisis, when Bidders should survive as the most important, to take no profit or even lose money but also championship attitude, as long as the tide over temporarily to survive, there will be hope of a comeback.
(2) competitive bidding bidding strategy
competition as a means to open up the market, low profitability as the goal, in the precise calculation of costs based on estimates of the competitor's offer fully objective, with a competitive offer to the purpose of winning bidders in the following situations shall take the competitive bidding strategy, business depressed, recently received the invitation to bid less threatening competitors, trying to break into new areas, explore new types of construction, the tender risk, construction technology Simple, engineering a large amount of social good project, near the company of other projects under construction.
(3) profit-based bidding strategy bidding
this strategy is to give full play to its own advantages, to achieve the best earnings as the target, smaller projects benefit not enthusiastic, full of larger projects on earnings confidence [⑨], the following situations can offer profit-based strategies, such as the tender has been opened in the region, situation, construction capacity saturation high degree of credibility, fewer competitors, who have the technological advantage and strong brand name bidding effect, the main objective of the tender is to expand its influence, or poor construction, difficult, bad conditions of disbursement of funds, time and quality requirements harsh, as the coalition partners to accompany subject matter projects.
3) analysis and decision
tender offer made after the initial offer should be quoted in various aspects of this analysis, the analysis was to investigate the offer is reasonable, competitive, profitability and risk, thus making the final purchase decision. analysis method can be static analysis and dynamic analysis of two aspects.
(1) Quote of the static analysis
first initial offer is a reasonable assumption, analysis of quotations rationality of the composition and analysis steps are as follows:
① Analysis Division summary of the book prices figures, and calculate the proportion of indicators.
a total construction area of statistics and the individual building area.
b Statistics total cost of materials and of the principal amount and classification of materials, total, calculate the total cost of materials per unit area of indicators and the main indicators of material consumption and costs were measured to calculate the proportion of material costs account for purchase.
c statistic total labor costs and key workers, support the number of workers and managers, according to quotes, schedule, construction area and the total number of statistical man-days of employment per unit area calculated the number of labor cost per unit area, and calculate the required completion period, the production workers and The average person-months full value and output value of person-years to calculate the proportion of labor costs of the total purchase.
d statistics cost of temporary works, machinery and equipment use fees, scaffolding charges, fees and tools, vertical transportation costs, calculate the lower their the proportion of the total price, and the proportion of acquisition costs were accounted for, that is apportioned to the form of amortization of the cost of the project after the end of the residual value and engineering.
e statistical summary of the number of types of management fees, calculated their total purchase the proportion of calculating profit, on behalf of the paragraph and the proportion of the total number of interest.
f if the offer were deliberately increased by some risk factor, can be classified as hidden profit potential profits or proposed for discussion.
Statistics total sub-project and the sub-subcontractor price quotes and to calculate the total bidders their proportion of the direct costs of construction and to calculate the total sub-subcontractors accounted for the proportion of the sub- package of direct costs, indirect costs and profit.
② quote from the macro analysis of the structure is reasonable, for example, of the total labor costs, material costs, the total number of Jixietaiban fees and the ratio between the total management costs, labor fees and the ratio between the village materials fee, facility fee and the fee of the total labor costs Jixietaiban, materials, machinery cost ratio of the total count of the number of the ratio between profits and the ratio between the total purchase to determine the composition of the existence of quotations Certain factors are not comparable, if not comparable factors deducted after the offer is still the irrational structure of the situation, they should go into its causes in depth and to consider appropriate adjustments to some of the labor, materials, Jixietaiban unit price, fixed content and sharing system.
③ Tantao relationship between duration and the offer, according to schedule and offer to calculate the monthly value, annual value, from the practical experience of the bidder to determine the target angle is too high or too low to consider the construction period should be rationality.
④ Analysis of price and amount of labor per unit area, the reasonableness of the use of materials star, the light of practical experience in the construction of similar projects. If this works and similar projects are not comparable with some of the factors that exclude certain non-comparable factors after analysis and comparison, and explore the reasonableness of the offer.
⑤ offer of patently unreasonable for the micro component of the analysis of inspection. focus on efficiency from the alert and change the construction plan, adjust the duration, depressed the supplier and subcontractor prices, saving management costs and other aspects of possible measures. and fix the initial purchase, measure out another low offer solutions based on the best offer the program to compile comparative analysis of data submitted to offer decision-makers or decision-making within the group discussion .
(2) Quote of the dynamic analysis
changes by assuming that certain factors, estimates the impact of purchase offer, the larger the risk of project work content, the use of extended price, the cost of increased risk approach to risk reduction .
such a variety of risks could lead to schedule delays, not only can not claim, and may be fined, as an extension of time may take to increase the liquidity and interest, management fees increase accordingly, wage costs have also increased, machinery equipment use of the cost increases, this increase can only be used to reduce the expenditure part of the profits to make up, so that duration can be measured by several long delays in complete loss of profits.
(3) Price quotation decision making
① basis. as a basis for decision-making should be the main data bidders own cost calculation and analysis of indicators of staff. As for other means of so-called tender's ;, etc., only as a general reference. In tender competition, often leaked information base bid or pry opponents, etc., but those who have deceived many, offer decision-makers often do not experience too much faith in the intelligence from various sources, and use it as the main basis for decision-making offer, and some brokers to master the final design of the file contents vary widely, there is no value in use. Sometimes, some people use the tender spread middlemen so-called ; base bid price care fall into the trap will be left behind competitors.
bidders participate in the tender bid of course want to, but more important is the basic bid price should be reasonable, should not lead to a loss. to offer their own data based on scientific analysis, and then make the appropriate decision-making bid was reported, at least not blindly fall into the trap of market competition.
② offer reasons for the differences. Although the implementation of the Bill of Quantities, is a free group by the price of the bidder, But generally speaking, the bidder on the tender offer method of calculation is the basis of similar cost engineer price information is also similar. Therefore, theoretically, the bid price the bidder's base bid with the bid price should be not far off, Why do they appear in the actual bidding many differences do, in addition to the obvious miscalculation, such as counting, misunderstanding of tender documents, intended to give competition sweeping the highest bidder, the bid price difference there are the following basic reasons.
a pursuit of profit than others. Some people are eager bidders bid to survive the situation, have lower profit margins, not even taking into account the profits in good condition and some bidders do not seek an urgent bid, so the pursuit of profit than high.
b each have different strengths. Some bidders have idle equipment and materials, some bidders have strong capital, and some bidders have many excellent management talents.
c choice different construction program. For medium to large projects and special projects, the construction cost of the program's choice of a greater impact, excellent construction program, including the progress of reasonable arrangement, degree of mechanization, the right choice, optimization, project management, can significantly reduce construction costs, thereby reducing the purchase.
d difference between administrative costs. state-owned enterprises and collective enterprises, the old business and new enterprises, the project site enterprises and foreign enterprises, large enterprises and small and medium enterprises management fees The difference is relatively large because I am under cost element in the list will show the individual costs of bidders, the difference between the cost of individual will become more apparent.
③ between profits and risks in decision making. As complex tendering, pricing is not the same situation encountered, it is difficult anticipate. Generally speaking, decision-making is not the intervention cost engineers offer specific terms, but should be by the decision makers together with the cost engineer on a variety of Quote proper analysis of the factors, and make decisive decisions [⑩]. In order to put forward a variety of pricing options, price, cost, validation and sharing coefficient is equal to the necessary amendments to policy makers is more important to fully consider the expected profit and risk, risk and profits exist in the project, the key is the bidder should be avoided as much as possible greater risk transfer to take measures to prevent trade-off between risk and profit and to make a choice.
④ make decisions based on quantities. In fact, the tender offer in the tender documents of quantities, is based on the construction have not been Tuzhi joint hearing of the drawings and specifications prepared by the bidder, after winning the progress with the project will occur frequently design changes, due to design changes that occur the price will change accordingly, and sometimes tender quantities in check, we will find that there are omissions and wrong quantities considered the phenomenon of consolidation for calculation of unit price for the bidders inconvenience, increased the risk of bidding. However, in the bidding, the bidder must be in strict accordance with the requirements of the tenderer, if the bidder without change, to reduce the tender the human condition. So, the tender will refuse to accept the bidder's bid. So , experienced bidders who bid even if the confirmation of quantities wrong item, omissions, construction process will be a change in the tender conditions and the huge hidden risks, and will not change or reduce the positive condition, but to use imbalance of human errors in the tender offer and other skills. To leave a hint after winning a claim, or the use of detail, additional explanations very carefully add the tender tips of people pay attention to certain conditions, reduce the risk of bidders.
⑤ low-BID decisions. the list is the implementation of low-priced offer after winning an important factor, but cheap to say , to ensure the expected profit and risk on the basis of certain considerations to determine the minimum cost. Therefore, the decision-makers in determining when the final offer cautious, low-cost, though important. but not offer the only factor, in addition to low pricing, the decision-makers strategy or skill can take over rival bidders. tenderers may propose to reduce the investment people make the rationalization of the tender or the tender proposal in favor of some concessions to compensate for the shortage was reported high.
six commonly used bidding strategies
Price is one of the conditions determining the winning bidder, but not the only condition, in general, the duration, quality, social prestige under the same conditions, the tender to select the lowest bid for the good [11]. enterprises can not simply pursue lowest , and project evaluation criteria should be determined by their own conditions of high and low factor price quoted on the full account of the strategy.
general, under the following conditions may be the main with some quotes: ① Construction of the poor conditions (such as the narrow space, ground at the downtown) project; ② professional requires a high-intensive projects, and the company that has expertise, reputation is also high; ③ low price of small projects and are unwilling to do their own invitation to tender was not easy not to bid engineering; ④ special projects, such as port engineering, underground excavation engineering; ⑤ owners of the construction period urgent; ⑥ rival bid less; ⑦ payment conditions are not ideal.
the following quote should be lower case Some: ① good engineering construction conditions, work is simple, works large and general engineering companies can do, such as a large number of earthmoving, general construction and other housing; ② The Company is currently eager to break into a market, a .. .